1. Ecosystems and the Physical Environment Chapter 5

2. Solar Radiation

3. Temperature Changes with Latitude Like equator Like at poles

4. Solar Radiation Temperature Changes with Season

5. The Atmosphere Composition Nitrogen78% Oxygen21% Carbon dioxide Argon Water vapor Pollutants Helium Etc. 1%

6. The Atmosphere Layers of the Atmosphere

7. The Atmosphere Atmospheric Circulation Circulation spawned by heating / cooling Prevailing winds Generated by pressure differences and Coriolis effect

8. The Atmosphere The Coriolis Effect

9. The Global Ocean Patterns of Circulation in the Ocean

10. The Global Ocean Patterns of Circulation in the Ocean Influenced by: 1) Coriolis Effect 2) Land Masses

11. The Global Ocean Vertical Mixing of Ocean Water

12. The Global Ocean Ocean Interactions with the Atmosphere: Effects of El Nino El Nino: periodic warming of tropical eastern Pacific La Nina: periodic cooling of tropical eastern Pacific

13. The Global Ocean Ocean Interactions with the Atmosphere: Upwelling This decreases during El Niño Increases during La Niña

14. Weather and Climate Examine the definitions for climate and weather. What is wrong with the following statement? “Global warming cannot be occurring, we had a very cool summer.”

15. Weather and Climate Rain shadows Insert Fig 5.19 b

16. Weather and Climate Severe weather events: 1) Tornados Source: University of Wyoming, Department of Atmospheric Science Frequency of tornados annually per 100,000 km 2 Tornado Alley (US)40 Sydney, Australia8 United Kingdom1 Bangledesh0.6

17. Weather and Climate Severe weather events: 2) Tropical cyclones Atlantic Ocean = hurricanes Pacific Ocean = typhoons Indian Ocean = cyclones

18. Weather and Climate But, all are the same severe weather event:

19. Internal Planetary Processes Plate tectonics  Continental Drift

20. Internal Planetary Processes Plate boundaries

21. Internal Planetary Processes Plate boundaries

22. Internal Planetary Processes Volcanoes Most volcanoes occur along subduction zones

23. Internal Planetary Processes Volcanoes Some occur along spreading zones Few, such as Hawaiian Islands, not associated with plates. (hot spots)

24. Internal Planetary Processes Earthquakes caused by release of built up stress, typically along faults movement releases seismic waves Typical side effects include: 1) Landslides 2) Tsunamis

25. Cycling of Materials within Ecosystems Basics of biogeochemical cycling

26. Cycling of Materials within Ecosystems Hydrologic (water) cycle:

27. Cycling of Materials within Ecosystems Carbon cycle:

28. Cycling of Materials within Ecosystems Nitrogen cycle: Atmospheric nitrogen (N 2 ) Nitrogen fixation by humans Biological nitrogen fixation Nitrification NH 3 & NH 4 - NO 3 - Assimilation Denitrification Plant & animal proteins Decomposition (ammonification) Internal cycling

29. Cycling of Materials within Ecosystems Phosphorus cycle: Phosphate rocks Phosphate mining Fertilizer containing phosphates Animals, crops Soil phosphates Internal cycling Erosion Dissolved phosphates Marine organisms Excretion / decomposition Internal cycling Marine sediments

30. Cycling of Materials within Ecosystems Sulfur cycle: