1. Growth of Monarch and Holy Roman Empire vs. Church
Chapter 9.1-2

2. Who shall lead? Feudal Monarchs Nobles and the Church Head of society
Limited power
Wanted greater control
Levied taxes
Maintained own armies
Maintained own court system

3. Centralized Power Monarch set up Ties to middle class Bureaucracy
Court
Standing Army
Tax System
Ties to middle class
Supported rulers for peace and unity they provided

4. English Monarch Invasion by Angles, Saxons, Vikings
1066: Anglo-Saxon king Edward died with no heir
Council chose brother-in-law Harold
Duke William of Normandy also claimed throne
Raised army, won backing of pope
Battle of Hastings: Normans defeated Harold
William the Conqueror took the throne
Blend of Norman French and Anglo-Saxons

5. Royal Power Firm control
Granted fiefs to Church, Norman lords (barons)
Monitored building of castles
First allegiance to him
Census in 1086
Domesday Book
Listed every property in England (both large and small)
No one could escape
Aided in tax collecting
Royal exchequer
Treasury
Collected taxes, fines, fees

6. Legal System Henry II: 1154 Expanded existing customs into law
Foundation of English common law
Legal system based on custom and court rulings
Applied to all of England
Court charged a fee
Preferred royal court over Church’s court
Jury
Group of men sworn to speak the truth
Determined if cases would be brought to trial
12 neighbors of an accused

7. Conflict with Church Henry vs. Church
Right to try clergy in royal courts
Archbishop of Canterbury opposed king
4 knights murdered him
Henry denied any part
Eased attempts to regulate clergy
Archbishop declared a saint

8. Traditions of Government
Royal authority vs. Traditional feudal rights
John
Henry’s son
Clever, greedy, cruel, untrustworthy
3 enemies
Phillip II of France, Pope Innocent III and English nobles
1205: lost English-held lands in France to Phillip
Rejected Pope Innocent III’s nominee, so he was excommunicated
English were placed under interdict
To save crown, John accepted England as fief of Pope
Paid yearly fee to Rome

9. Magna Carta John angered nobles with taxes and abuse of power
1215: forced him to sign Magna Carta
Great Charter
Affirmed feudal rights
Protected from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment
“due process”
No new taxes
“no taxation without representation”
2 things
Nobles had certain rights
Monarch must obey law

10. Parliament Great Council Evolved into Parliament Unified England
Framework for English legislature
2-house body
House of Lords: nobles, high clergy
House of Commons: knights and middle class citizens
“power of the purse”
Checked or limited power of monarch

11. French Monarchs Patchwork territories Capetians Philip Augustus
Feudal nobles elected Hugh Capet
Increased royal power
Made throne hereditary
300 year succession
Built bureaucracy
Tax and law
Philip Augustus
Phillip II
Paid middle-class workers to fill govt positions instead of nobles
Loyalty to king
New towns, standing army
Won war with John of England, took back English-ruled lands
Most powerful ruler in Europe
Louis IX
1226
Generous, noble, devoted to justice and chivalry
Declared a saint
Religious
Persecuted heretics and Jews
Led French in 2 wars against Muslims
Improved royal govt
Ended serfdom
Centralized monarch in France

12. Philip IV vs. Pope Louis’s grandson Extended royal power
Collected new taxes from clergy
Clash with Pope Boniface VIII
Pope forbade Philip to tax clergy
Philip threatened to arrest any clergy that didn’t pay up
Philip sent troops to seize Pope
Pope escaped badly beaten, died later

13. Estates General Body of representatives
Clergy
Nobles
Townspeople
Didn’t develop like English Parliament

14. Holy Roman Empire Duke Otto I King of Germany
Took title “Holy Roman Emperor”
Saw themselves heirs to emperors of Ancient Rome
Worked to control vassals
Emperors conflicted with Popes

15. Popes vs. Emperors Pope Gregory VII Emperor Henry IV
Wanted Church independent of secular rulers
Banned lay investiture
Emperor presented bishops with ring and staff that symbolized their office
Only pope had right to install bishops
Emperor Henry IV
Argued that bishops held lands as royal fiefs
Felt entitled to give symbol of office
Exchanged insulting notes with pope
Gregory excommunicated him
Forced to make peace
Presented himself as a repentant sinner
Gregory knew he was just trying to save throne, but forgave him
Returned later for revenge, led army to Rome, and forced pope into exile

16. Concordat of Worms Struggle for 50 years
1122: both sides accepted treaty
Agreed that Church had sole power to elect and invest bishops
Emperors had right to invest them with fiefs

17. Frederick Barbarossa Emperor Frederick I “Red Beard”
Fought to bring N. Italy under his control
Italians joined forces with pope, defeated Red Beard
Arranged marriage between son Henry and Constance- heiress to Sicily and S. Italy

18. Frederick II Son of Henry and Constance Raised in Italy
Able and arrogant
Spent little time in Germany
Clashed with popes in Italy
Failed to gain cities in N. Italy

19. Effects German nobles more independent
Germany fragmented into many feudal states
Would not achieve unity for 600 years
Italy also faced upheaval
200 years of chaos
Thriving cultural center left in ruins

20. Church Power Pope Innocent III 1198 Triumph of Church
Supremacy over all other rulers
Pope clashed with rulers and often won
Innocent ordered interdict on France when Phillip II tried to annul his marriage
1209: Innocent launched crusade (holy war) against Albigensians in S. France
Albigensians wanted to purify Church
10,000+ slaughtered
Papacy entered period of decline