1. THE DAWN OF HISTORY 1.1-1.2

2. Who studies history?  Geography: Study of people and environment  Anthropology: study origin and development of people/societies  Archaeology: Study of past through remains  Artifacts  Technology (Tools)  Geologists, botanists, zoologists, climatologists, biologists

3. Historians  Great vs Small  1 st historians wrote about powerful/wealthy  Today -study lives of all people

4. Prehistory  Time before writing was invented  No cities, governments, inventions  4000 BC- Writing and language begins

5. Old Stone Age  Paleolithic age  2 million BC to 10,000 BC  Africa  “Lucy”- Hominid Skeleton in Ethiopia  Descendants migrated north and East into Europe and Asia

6. Hunters and Gatherers  Small bands  20-30 people  Men hunted/fished  Women gathered berries, fruit, nuts, wild grain, roots  Nomads: people who move from place to place  Simple tools/weapons  Developed spoken language

7. Challenges  Ice ages  Glaciers spread  Animal skin clothing  Refuge in caves  Fires for warmth/cooking

8. Religion  Animism: belief of spirits in animals/objects/dreams  Cave Paintings France, Spain, N Africa  Stone Statues  Worshipped earth mother goddess  Carful burial of dead- belief in life after death Buried with tools, weapons

10. Agricultural Revolution  11,000 years ago: nomadic bands learned to farm  Could remain in one place  Settled into villages

11. New Stone Age  Neolithic Age  Began with agricultural revolution  Nobody knows how people began to plant  Most believe it began in Middle East Others argue it began independently in different regions  Domestication: taming some animals into herds

12. Effects  Growing pop.  More interaction  Status of women declined  Government- Council of Elders  Warfare up  Wealth up  Technology: calendars, plows using animals  Skills: weaving cloth, making better tools  Spread over thousands of years