1. Chapter 1.3

2. Early Civ. Question… Pyramids- 100,000 workers for many years Each block weighs 2.5 tons Limited technology 2 million blocks How did they do it? Civilization: Highly organized social order

3. River Valley Civilizations “Cradlelands” Middle East: Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Egypt: Nile River India: Indus River China: Yellow or Huang He River

5. Why these areas? Mild Climate Fertile Soil Rivers Fishing Water Supply Flooding (good and bad) Transportation Irrigation

6. Features of Civilizations 8 features 1. Cities 2. Well Organized Govt 3. Complex Religion 4. Job Specialization 5. Social Classes 6. Arts/architecture 7. Public Works 8. Writing

7. Cities High wide walls Temples Palaces Tangled, narrow streets Small huts

8. Well Organized Govt Steady food supply Leaders Priests Changed to Kings- hereditary Right to rule from the gods Laws, taxes, defense

9. Complex Religion Polytheism: belief in many gods Rituals- ceremonies, dances, prayers, hymns Temples Sacrifice Animals, crops, humans Priests

10. Job Specialization Artisans- skilled craft workers Pottery, carvings, woven goods Metalworkers Copper and bronze (copper and tin mixed make bronze) Bricklayers Built city walls Merchants Sold goods in marketplaces Singers/Dancers/Storytellers Entertained

11. Social Classes Rank according to job hgj Priests Nobles Wealthy Merchants, artisans Peasant Farmers (majority of people) Slaves- women and children captured in war

12. Arts/Architecture Temples and palaces Decoration on buildings Statues of gods/goddesses Paintings, furniture, jewelry in tombs

13. Public Works Irrigation Roads Bridges Defensive Walls

14. Writing Temples Treaties and taxes, marriage contracts Pictograms- drawings that look like what they describe Scribes Trained to read and write Kept records for priests, rulers, merchants Women excluded

15. Empires Group of states or territories controlled by one ruler Created common bonds/ ended war

16. Nomads Continued to live like stone age Steppe region in Asia Interacted with city dwellers Considered uncivilized Conflict and cooperation

17. Environmental Changes Volcanoes Over-farming Famine Resource depletion

18. Cultural Diffusion Spread of ideas, cultures, customs, techniques By force at times