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History of Education: After the Civil War Chapter 5B - Foundations
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Native American Education 1864 – the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was established Assimilation was the goal at off-reservation boarding schools 1924 – Citizenship Act made Native Americans US citizens 30s & 40s – reservation schools were established to teach culture
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Native American Education (continued) 1975 - the Indian Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act - below national norms for High Schools Graduates and College Degrees, so used this act to try to improve numbers of graduates/college degrees
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European American Education 1800 – 1924: many immigrants from southern, central, and eastern Europe 30s and 40s: many immigrants from Italy and Germany (escaped from Totalitarian Regime) 50s: immigrants were mostly Holocaust survivors * Educational goals for these people were for basic education and assimilation
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African American Education After the Civil War, education occurred in churches by ministers (A.M.E. – African Methodist Episcopal Church) In schools run by “Yankee School Marms” – women teachers from the North 1934 - NAACP formed: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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Famous African American Educators Booker T. Washington Principal at Tuskegee Institute Advocated vocational/industrial education to better oneself Presented a model for educating African Americans
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Famous African American Educators W.E.B. DuBois Doctorate in sociology from Harvard Criticized Booker T. Washington Advocated increased academics and political activism Helped to start the Civil Rights Movement
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Famous African American Educators Mary McLeod Bethune Founded Normal School for African American Girls in 1904 Served in Presidents’ Administration: FDR & Truman Thought upward mobility gained by practical training Political Activist
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Famous Court Cases ~ Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - Supreme Court ruled: public facilities could be separate, but equal - legalized school segregation ~ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) - Supreme Court ruled: segregation of students by race is unconstitutional > education must be available to all on equal terms
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