1. Session 4: Employment and Skill Development Harry Pastuszek Local Content Policies in the Oil, Gas, and Mining Sector

2. Average age in oil and gas – 49 (highest in offshore) 400,000 professionals employed globally in oil and gas Studies suggest the industry must add 11,000 new entrants annually to counter retirement and new demand – engineering and vocational skills down significantly in developed economies Estimates vary in particulars but all suggest a shortfall of 10-15% for technical positions in the industry – and it’s growing due to accelerated retirement impacts Oil and Gas Challenge

3. The oil and gas scenario is not unique – miners face the same One distinction – mining operations do employ a higher % of local people The crunch for mining is most severe in developed markets – Canada and Australia losing to retirement at a higher rate than O&G Mining Challenge

4. Education and Training Primary and secondary Tertiary Arts Sciences Professional Law Accounting Engineering Business Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Services Technical Services Personal Construction Training typically geared to post- secondary students to prepare directly for employment

5. "those aspects of the educational process involving, in addition to general education, the study of technologies and related sciences, and the acquisition of practical skills, attitudes, understanding and knowledge relating to occupations in various sectors of economic and social life." UNESCO definition - TVET

6. Maths and sciences are not in demand among young people Developed world has turned its back on TVET The boom and bust hiring cycles of the industry have entrenched the lack of mid-career retention that plagues the industry Drivers of the Shortage

7. This is a perfect storm for emerging market economies to seize the wheel Petronas/Petrofac – an example. Need to fight off ageing workforce, GCC poaching Lengthy lead time on some new developments – actually time for training and skills development to have an impact (Moz and Tanz) The time may be now to focus on workforce participation over supply chain participation The real story for local content

8. How/whether to encourage a focus on technical skills rather than professional engineering/management? Is it an either/or? Who is the proper steward of TVET programs – MNCs engaged in the industry, national companies, Gov., MFIs? Is enterprise always better than manpower development – is this an either/or? Should incentives be used to steer local employment and training? if so, what kind of incentives? What are the most relevant factors that affect the success of localization of employment? What actions can be taken to bridge the skills gap in the short term? Questions to consider