1. Organic Chemistry
Chapters 22 & 23

2. Organic Chemistry
The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties
Carbon can bond strongly to itself and form long chains or rings of carbon atoms

3. Carbon Bonding
Carbon can form 4 bonds (because it has 4 valence electrons… remember those?)
These bonds can be made with 4 carbon atoms or atoms of different elements
Carbon can also bond to fewer than 4 other atoms if it forms a double or triple bond
Double bonds share 2 pairs of electrons
Triple bonds share 3 pairs of electrons

4. Carbon Bonding
Aspartame

5. Alkanes Hydrocarbons are compounds made solely of hydrogen and carbon
Hydrocarbons with all single carbon-carbon bonds are called saturated, because each carbon is bound to 4 atoms – the maximum number
Hydrocarbons with multiple carbon-carbon bonds (i.e., double and triple bonds) are unsaturated

6. CnH2n+2 Alkanes Saturated hydrocarbons are called alkanes
Alkanes in which the carbon atoms form long chains are called normal, straight-chain, or unbranched hydrocarbons
They are given by the general formula
CH3 – (CH2)m – CH3 Or
CnH2n+2

7. Alkanes Name Condensed Formula Extended Formula Methane CH4 Ethane
CH3CH3
Propane
C3H8
CH3CH2CH3
n-butane
C4H10
CH3CH2CH2CH3
n-pentane
C5H12
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
n-hexane
C6H14
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
n-heptane
C7H16
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
n-octane
C8H18
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
n-nonane
C9H20
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
n-decane
C10H22
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

8. Alkanes
Give the extended and condensed molecular formulas for an alkane with fifteen carbon atoms.

9. Structural Formulas and Isomerism
Structural isomerism occurs when two molecules have the same atoms, but different bonds (different arrangements)
This occurs in butane and all succeeding alkanes

10. Naming Alkanes The Rules
Find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms – this “parent chain” determines the base name of the alkane
Number the carbons in the parent chain, starting at the end closest to any branching.
Using the appropriate name for each alkyl group (next slide), specify its position on the parent chain with a number.
When a given type of alkyl group occurs more than once, attach the appropriate prefix (di- for two, tri- for three, etc) to the alkyl name
The alkyl groups are listed in alphabetical order, disregarding any prefix

11. Naming Alkanes Common Alkyl Substituents

12. Alkenes and Alkynes
Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double bonds are called alkenes
Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon triple bonds are called alkynes

13. Alkenes and Alkynes Naming Rules
Select the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms that contains the double or triple bond
For an alkene, the root name of the carbon chain is the same as for the alkane, but ends in –ene (alkynes end in –yne)
Number the parent chain, starting at the end closest to the double/triple bond. The location of the multiple bond is given by the lowest-numbered carbon atom involved in the bond.
Substituents on the parent chain are treated the same way as in naming alkanes.

14. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons are compounds that have pleasant odors and contain a benzene ring (ring of 6 carbon atoms)
Examples: wintergreen, cinnamon, vanillin

15. Naming Aromatic Compounds
Monosubstituted Benzenes (p. 781)
Use the substituent name as a prefix of benzene
When the benzene ring is used as a substituent, it is called a phenyl group
Disubstituted Benzenes (p. 781)
When there is more than one substituent on the benzene ring, numbers are used to indicate the substituent position

16. Naming Aromatic Compounds
Some other helpful terms/prefixes:
Ortho- (o-) means two adjacent substituents
Para- (p-) means two substituents directly across the ring from each other
Meta- (m-) means two substituents with one carbon between them

17. Functional Groups (slide 17) see also Table 23.1 on p. 799

18. Alcohols see also p. 805
Alcohols are characterized by the presence of the –OH group
Naming Rules
Select the longest chain of carbon atoms containing the –OH group
Number the chain so that the carbon with the –OH group gets the lowest possible number
Obtain the root name from the name of the parent hydrocarbon chain by replacing the final –e with –ol
Name any other substituents as usual

19. Aldehydes and Ketones see also p. 813
Naming Rules:
Refer back to slide 17 to see the structure of aldehydes and ketones…
Name an aldehyde with the parent alkane name but replace the –e with –al
Name a ketone with the parent alkane name but replace the –e with -one

20. Carboxylic Acids and Esters see also p. 815
Again, refer to slide 17 to see the structures of carboxylic acids and esters
Name carboxylic acids using the parent alkane name and replacing –e with –oic acid.
Examples: methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, etc.

21. Carboxylic Acids and Esters
Esters are formed from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
They often have sweet, fruity odors
The name consists of the alkyl name from the alcohol followed by the acid name, where the –ic is replaced by –ate
Example: the ester made from acetic acid and isopropyl alcohol is called isopropyl acetate

22. Polymers
Polymers are large, usually chainlike molecules that are built from small molecules called monomers.
Polymers are the basis for synthetic fibers, rubbers and plastics
Examples:
Polyethylene
Teflon
Polyester

23. Polymers Copolymers – made of different types of monomers
Homeopolymers – made up of a single type of monomer
Addition polymerization – monomers simply “add together”
Condensation polymerization – a small molecule (perhaps water) is formed for each extension of the polymer chain – Ex: NYLON

24. For your knowledge only…
The rest of the slides will not be tested
For your knowledge only…

25. Reactions of Alkanes Combustion Reactions Same as we have seen before
General formula
CnH2n+2 + O2  CO2 + H2O

26. Reactions of Alkanes Substitution reactions
One or more hydrogen atoms of the alkane is/are replaced (substituted) by different atoms
Example:
CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl + HCl

27. Reactions of Alkanes Dehydrogenation reactions
Hydrogen atoms are removed and the product is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
Example:
CH3CH3  CH2CH2 + H2

28. Alkenes and Alkynes Reactions of Alkenes
Addition reactions – new atoms form single bonds to the carbons formerly involved in the double or triple bonds
Hydrogenation reactions – addition reactions with hydrogen atoms being added to the carbons formerly involved in the double or triple bonds
Halogenation – addition reactions with halogen atoms being added to the carbons formerly involved in the double or triple bonds.

29. Halogenation Reaction

30. Hydrogenation Reaction