1. Medlink 2004 Pathology Project Introduction and Background

2. The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology … Size does matter!

3. Nanotechnology and Medicine Overview What is this Nano stuff all about The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology Getting down to size Nanotechnology now Future Nanotechnology in Medicine Your Research Report

4. Background: What is Nanotechnology? Manipulating matter at the atomic scale Nano – Greek word for midget Nano means 10 -9, a billionth part 3 atoms measure about 1 nanometre Diameter of human hair is 200 000nm The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

5. The Past Four Decades 1959 - Richard Feynman speech: Theres plenty of room at the bottom 1986 – Eric Drexler Engines of Creation 1990s – buckminsterfullerene known as fullerene or buckyballs The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

6. Current work Nanotubes – folded sheets of carbon atoms 100 times stronger than steel One sixth the weight of steel The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

7. New technology – New Tools Atomic Force Microscope and Laser Tweezers allow manipulation of individual atoms The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

8. Nanotechnology Now! Technology and applications that are in production or that have been built and demonstrated to show that the technology works. The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

9. The Worlds Smallest Motor The gadget, 250 times smaller than a human hair, in mid-spin. A gold blade is attached to an axle made from a carbon nanotube. The ends are anchored to two silicon dioxide electrodes. The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

10. Nanotechnology Applications Nanoscale electronics Airbag trigger sensor Self-cleaning window The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

11. Nanotechnology versus Miniaturisation Machines and computers becoming smaller Nanotechnology is about building from atoms NOT just chopping more bits off to make things smaller Nanotechnology is going to try to copy Nature … so let us look briefly at Nature The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

12. Getting down to size The Size of Things - metres The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology 1.5 - 2 metres Scale: m Example:humans

13. Getting down to size The Size of Things – 10 cm The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology 10 centimetres Scale: m x 10 -1 Example:Lily and Bee Copyright © 2000-04 by Bruce Bryson

14. Getting down to size The Size of Things – 1 cm The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology 1 centimetre Scale: m x 10 -2 Example:Bees Head Copyright © 2000-04 by Bruce Bryson

15. Getting down to size The Size of Things – 1 mm The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology 1 millimetre Scale: m x 10 -3 Example:Bees Eye Copyright © 2000-04 by Bruce Bryson

16. Getting down to size The Size of Things – 100 µm The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology 100 microns (micrometres) Scale: m x 10 -4 Example:Pollen Grain Copyright © 2000-04 by Bruce Bryson

17. Getting down to size The Size of Things – 10 µm The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology 10 microns (micrometres) Scale: m x 10 -5 Example:Bacteria Copyright © 2000-04 by Bruce Bryson

18. Getting down to size The Size of Things – 1 µm The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology 1 micron (micrometre) Scale: m x 10 -6 Example:Virus on a Bacterium Copyright © 2000-04 by Bruce Bryson

19. Getting down to size The Size of Things – 100 nm The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology 100 nanometres Scale: m x 10 -7 Example:Single Virus Copyright © 2000-04 by Bruce Bryson

20. Getting down to size The Size of Things – 10 nm The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology 10 nanometres Scale: m x 10 -8 Example:DNA within a Virus Copyright © 2000-04 by Bruce Bryson

21. Getting down to basics The Size of Things – 1 nm The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology 1 nanometre Scale: m x 10 -9 Example:DNA Molecules Copyright © 2000-04 by Bruce Bryson

22. Building from very Tiny to Big DNA 10 nm The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology A Virus 100 nm Bacteria 1 000 nm Amoeba 10 000 nm Pollen grain 100 000 nm Nematodes 1 000 000 nm Insects 10 000 000 nm Small mammals 100 000 000 nm Large mammals 1 000 000 000 nm Molecules 1 nm

23. Learning from Nature Molecular machines Nature architecture – bottom up Simple building blocks – DNA Nature uses weak bonds, not the solid, covalent bonds of the chemist No mechanic in the cell - molecular parts snap together The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

24. Nanotechnology and Medicine What will happen in Human Medicine? Come back for Part 2 Nanotechnology and Medicine YOUR Project The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

25. Medlink 2004 Pathology Project Nanotechnology in Human Medicine and Your Project

26. Future Nanotechnology Proposals for future uses of nanotechnology based on known possibilities. The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

27. Cleaning up Oil Spills Environmental clean-up is another imagined use for nanobots, with fingers built from nanotubes but in proportions 50,000 times as thin as a human hair. The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

28. Nanotechnology in Medicine Lots more miniaturisation using nanotechnology components Disease – malfunctioning at cell level Post-surgery pain treatment Treatment of Diabetes Hybrid Electronic and BiologicalSystems The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

29. Nanotechnology in Medicine Targeted drugs using biological computers to fight cancer Nano-microscope nano-lasers and nano-fountain pens! Nano-shells to blast cancer cells Nano-particles as homing devices Nano-shuttles – medical posties The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

30. The Research Project Now it is YOUR turn! Question: How can I carry out a sophisticated research project with no lab, no budget and limited time? Answer: Do a Gedankenexperiment The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

31. Gedankenexperiment Gedanken: German for thought, hence Thought Experiment Mostly used in physics a Thought Experiment aims to solve theoretical problems through reasoning based on known facts The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

32. The Research Follow up from this lecture with your own research – e.g. Google Starting with any of my suggestions, or those arising from your research propose your own nanotechnology developments and applications No Star Trek science permitted! Feel free to explore ethical issues The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

33. The Research Report Use the Medlink site for follow-up information Details lecture slides, notes, references etc How to submit: medpaper@btinternet.com When to submit: by March 20 2005 Teamwork is good, expected, but not penalised Format of paper & length of paper - template Electronic publication details Notice board for self-support and questions The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology

34. The Research Report … and finally! All details on website from January 10 2005 When to submit by: March 20 2005 Teamwork – collaborate between schools Notice board for self-support and questions Marked by June 2005 or earlier Best papers published by September 2005 The Tiny, Tiny, Tiny World of Nanotechnology