1. 1. White lesions of the oral mucosa
Differential Diagnosis of Oral and Maxillofacial lesions
1. White lesions of the oral mucosa
2. Solitary oral ulcer and fissures
3. Yellow conditions of the oral mucosa
王文岑 高雄醫學大學 牙醫學系
高醫大附設醫院S 棟 2 樓 口腔病理影像診斷科 ;

2. White lesions of the oral mucosa
Keratotic Lesions
1. Leukoedema 2. Linea alba buccalis 3. Leukoplakia 4. Nicotinic stomatitis, snuff-dipper’s lesion 5. Benign migratory glossitis and mucositis 6. Lichen planus 7. Papilloma, verrucous vulgaris 8. white exophytic squamous cell carcinoma,
Verrucous carcinoma 9. Hypertrophic candidiasis 10. White sponge nevus

3. Sloughing, pseudomembranous, necrotic lesions
Plaque
Traumatic ulcer
Pyogenic granuloma
Chemical burns
ANUG
Candidasis

4. Ulcers
Short-term ulcers
Traumatic ulcers (most)
Recurrent aphthous ulcers (minor)
Recurrent intraoral herpes simplex lesions
Ulcers as result of odontogenic infection
Ulcers with generalized mucositis or vesiculobullous disease
Ulcers secondary to systemic disease

5. Persistent ulcers
Traumatic ulcers (occasional)
Ulcers from odontogenic infection
Squamous cell carcinoma
Chancre
Gumma
Ulcer secondary to systemic disease
Low-grade mucoepidermoid tumor
Metastatic tumor

6. Normal Color of Oral Mucosa
1). dark pink (reddish) to very pale (almost white).
2). thickness of epithelium, degree of keratinization
A). thicker epithelium: more keratinized, more fibrous and less vascular subepithelial connective tissue--color is whiter; hard palate, fixed gingival, dorsal surface of the tongue.
B). darker pink or more reddish in color: less keratin, more vascular tissues; vestibule, floor of the mouth, ventral surface of the tongue, retromolar regions.
C). normal variations pigmentations.
D). substances in the blood, i.e. hemoglobin level polycythemia (red, cherry red) anemia (pale).

7. Healthy oral mucosa

8. Healthy oral mucosa

9. non-malignant variation of normal mucosa.
Leukoedema
non-malignant variation of normal mucosa.
most often at buccal mucosa, but also other sites (labial mucosa, soft palate).
most often seen adults > 40 yrs.
clinical features:
early stage: firmly opalescence;
later stage: definite grayish white cast with coarsely wrinkle surface which cannot be removed with a tongue blade, but will disappear on stretching.
(if injury: red eroded area, mimic cheek biting).

10. Leukoedema

11. Leukoedema

12. Leukoedema microscopic findings: increased thickness of epithelium.
marked intracellular edema (ballooning)
acanthosis: abnormal thickening of the spinous layer (may be severe with elongation, thickening, blunting, and confluence of the rete pegs or may consist only of their elongation).
parakeratosis: hyperkeratosis with retention of nuclei.

13. Leukoedema

14. leukoplakia, cheek-biting lesion, white sponge nevus. Treatment:
Leukoedema
D.D.
leukoplakia, cheek-biting lesion, white sponge nevus.
Treatment:
no treatment is required

15. Linea alba buccalis usually on buccal mucosa near the occlusal plane.
usually bilateral, may be related with occlusal trauma, therefore more prominent if patient has little overjet of molars and premolars.
Microscopic findings:
increased thickness of epithelium, or hyperorthokeratosis (hyperkeratosis without retention of nuclei).
Treatment:
no special treatment, to avoid bite injury, change the relationship of upper and lower teeth (new denture or orthodontic treatment)

16. Linear alba

17. Leukoplakia White patch
keratotic change occurring on mucous membranes.
usually caused by chronic irritation.
important etiologic factors including:
smoking, cold temperature, hot and/or spicy foods, alcohol, betel nut and /or tabacoo chewing, occlusal trauma, sharp edges of prostheses or teeth, actinic radiation.

18. Leukoplakia Clinical features:
asymptomatic, old age group (40–70 yrs).
most happened at: tongue, floor of the mouth, lower lip, commissures, palate, mucobuccal fold, alveolar ridge, retromolar area, buccal mucosa.
D.D.
first R/O lesions of sloughing pseudomembranous types.
easy to scrap off or not? if not, lesions are keratotic and need to D.D. with many white lesions.

19. Homogeneous thick leukoplakia

20. Leukoplakia

21. Speckled leukoplakia

22. Non-homogeneous thick leukoplakia

23. Verrucous leukoplakia

24. Verrucous leukoplakia

25. Verrucous leukoplakia

26. Hairy leukoplakia Special types of Leukoplakia
AIDS patient: irregular surface like hair.
acanthosis with marked hyperparakeratosis with formation of ridged and keratin projections, areas of ballooning cells and little or no inflammation in the connective tissue.
Ballooning changes = koilocytes: enlarged cells, some with enlarged nuclei with perinuclear halos, others are pyknotic nuclei.
(papilloma-like virus) ,(EM: EB virus), (Immunofluorescence staining for EB virus capsid antigens).

27. 毛狀白斑 (Hairy leukoplakia)
EB病毒感染引起

28. Hairy Leukoplakia on margin of tongue in a homosexual man

29. Koilocytes: Hairy leukoplakia

30. Lesion due to corroded amalgam fillings lingually in mandibular molars, similar with hairy leukoplakia

31. D.D. of hairy leukoplakia in AIDS
1. lesions due to restorative materials: corroded amalgam fillings, white lesions will disappear within a few weeks after fillings are replaced by plastic material.
2. leukoplakia:
a. idiopathic leukoplakia: often located on tongue (inferior surface), usually middle-aged women, extensive and smooth surface.
b. tobacco-associated leukoplakia: border of tongue, well-defined, smooth surface, regress after stop smoking.

32. D.D. of hairy leukoplakia in AIDS
3. lichen planus: border of the tongue, rare (reticular type).
4. chronic hyperplastic candidiasis: labial commissures extending to the buccal mucosa, disappear after fungi-static treatment.

33. White Sponge Nevus young, usually can be seen before puberty
wide spread, usually whole oral cavity
has familial pattern

34. D.D with lichen planus
Lichen planus usually involve several lesions, leukoplakia is more often a solitary lesion.
may have Wickham’s striae: fine grayish white lines arranged in a lace-like pattern
may have skin lesion (leukoplakia : no skin lesion)

35. Lichen planus

36. Nicotinic stomatitis or smoker’s palate
Nicotinic stomatitis or smoker’s palate, smoker’s keratosis
man, pipe smokers.
usually whole hard palate.
reddish stomatitis changed to slightly opalescent then white.
usually “red/pink dots/spots” as the centers of lesion indication inflammation of minor salivary glands.
usually disappear after stopping pipe smoking.

37. Stomatitis nicotina palati

38. Snuff dipper’s lesion, Tobacco chewer’s lesion
parboiled appearance of the white lesion, some are thick white plaque
lesion depends on where the tobacco was contact with the mucosa.
usually on the mandibular vestibule (both the incisors and the molar regions).
if change the habit, then most lesions will completely disappear.

39. Tobacco chewer’s lesion

40. Hairy Tongue

41. White hairy tongue
1.elongation of the filiform papillae: increased retention of keratin.
2.male more than female.
3.depends on foods, the color can be different.
4.treated by tongue brushing.

42. Black Hairy Tongue

43. Black hairy tongue Caused by elongated filiform papillae.
Other causes:
(i) antibiotics (penicillin or tetracycline)
(ii) mouthwashes (sodium perborate or
chlorhexidine)
(iii) iron preparations
(iv) smoking
(iv) some foodstuffs
(v) herbs

44. Geographic Tongue

45. Geographic tongue
Benign migratory glossitis and mucositis (Geographic tongue)
1.psychological influences and suspected.
2.irregularly shaped red patches and white
patterns like map, on the dorsal , ventral
and lateral surfaces of tongue.
3.red patches: desquamated filiform
papillae: enlarge and regressive:change
every week then completely disappear.

46. Geographic tongue
4.generally asymptomatic, sometimes burning sensation, tenderness and pain.
5. treated with : a. bland diet; b. coating the lesion with triamcinolone in Orabase, if symptoms occur

47. Median rhomboid glossitis

48. Median rhomboid glossitis
May be congenital ( persistence of the tuberculum impair) or may be associated with candidal infection. Smoking may predispose to the candidosis.
There is:
(i) absence of filiform papillae.
(ii) epithelial hyperplasia and acanthosis.
(iii) chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria.

49. Lichen planus 1. Affecting 0.5-2.0% of the population
2. Mean age at onset: years
3. A mild predilection for females
4. Six forms: reticular, papular, plaque, atrophic, erosive, bullous
5. Malignant transformation -- <1%
6. Etiology: emotional stress or
aberrant cellular immunity

50. Lichen planus
7. sites: mostly at buccal mucosa (85%), others including gingiva, tongue, palate, floor of the mouth, vermillion border, (skin: small flat papules/ulceration may fuse together).

51. Reticular lichen planus
(Wickham’s striae)

52. Erosive
lichen planus

53. Plaque type lichen planus

54. Erosive lichen planus
Desquamative gingivitis

55. Lichen planus

56. Bullous Lichen Planus
If severe liquefaction, then bullae formed;
in very severe case, then disseminated
erosions.

57. D.D.1. White sponge nevus D.D.2. Geographic tongue
White sponge nevus usually appears at birth (OLP : 70% after 40 yrs.)
D.D.2. Geographic tongue
Geographic tongue -- red center with a slightly raised white border: rapidly (in a few days) change site and shape
OLP , if change, take longer time

58. D.D. 3. Leukoedema D.D. 4. Linea alba
Leukoedema if has wrinkles, stretching test can be used to D.D. with Wickham’s striae.
D.D. 4. Linea alba
Patient sucking cheeks habit, then often has linea alba and mimic Wickham’s striae: asking about patient’s habit.

59. D.D. 5. Lichenoid reactions
History of taking drugs:
a. systemic treatment with streptomycin, tetracycline, hypoglycemics, diuretics, indomethacine….
b. dental restorative materials: dental gold, mercury, silver alloys.

60. Papules Lichen Planus

61. Management: OLP no treatment jf no discomfort, examined periodically.
clinical discomfort ( i.e.
burning , tenderness, soreness of
oral mucosa): topical steroid
severe cases: systemic
administration of sedative and
cortisone.

62. Squamous cell papilloma, papilloma

63. Squamous cell papilloma
Features:
1. exophytic, papillomatous shape,
pedunculated with rough,
cauliflower-like pebbly surface,
deep cleft formation.
2. In oral cavity, usually < 1 cm
3. site: tongue (33%), palate, buccal
mucosa, gingiva, lips,
mandibular ridge, mouth floor

64. Squamous cell papilloma
1. age: most yrs (<40yrs)
2. Not usually in oral cavity, 3. malignant change: very rare (no dysplastic changes)
4. color (depends on whether chronic irritation)hyperkeratosis or not  white or pink.

65. Verrucous hyperplasia
Exophytic mass (a proliferative epithelial lesion), like papilloma.
Precancerous lesion
Epithelial hyperplastic fold towards mucosa surface.
If malignant change: towards underlying connective tissue
(some scholars believe: VH =CA).
Betel nut chewing habit in Taiwan

66. Verrucous hyperplasis

67. Verrucous hyperplasis

68. Verrucous hyperplasis

69. Verrucous hyperplasis

70. Verrucous hyperplasis

71. Verrucous hyperplasis
*management:
surgical removal microscopic findings: confined the final diagnosis.

72. Verrucous carcinoma 1. an exophytic type of low-grade SCC.
2. features:
1). most sites: mandibular labial and buccal vestibule and mucosa.
2). older ages: average yrs.
3). may be very large papillary mass or flat covered whole mucosa (sessile base).
4). color depends on the amount of keratin: pink or white.
5). may be moderately firm, but not so hard like invasive CA.

73. Verrucous carcinoma 3. Management:
1). wide excision:5-yr survival rates as high as 75%.
2). followed-up carefully: a tendency for multifocal tumors to develop after excision.
3). radiation: not very successful due to low grade tumor, on the contrary, radiation may induce malignancy.

74. Verrucous Ca.

75. Distinguishing histologic features between VH and V ca:
s: VH, sharp varity; b: VH, blunt varity; c: V. ca

76. Verruca vulgaris
1. exophytic growth of the epithelium: very common lesion of the skin, rare in the oral cavity. Induced by HPV.
2. features:
site: skin, vermillion border, rarely on labial or buccal mucosa or tongue.

77. Verruca vulgaris (common wart)

78. D.D. with papilloma and verrucous vulgaris
verrucous vulgaris: usually on skin, rarely in the oral cavity.
…sessile base vs. pedunculated (papilloma).
…round eosinophilic bodies in the cells ( in prickle cell layer and granular cell layer) : viral inclusion bodies( not seen in papilloma).

79. Squamous cell papilloma
verrucous vulgaris

80. Squamous cell carcinoma

81. Squamous cell carcinoma

82. Oral Candidiasis Moniliasis, candidosis Classification
A. Acute pseudomembranous (Thrush)
B. Acute atrophic (antibiotic sore mouth)
C. Chronic atrophic (denture-associated
stomatitis)
D. Chronic hyperplastic (chronic
mucocutaneous candidosis; candidal
leukoplakia)

83. Chronic candidiasis if low grade infection by Candida albicans:
due to long term irritation: ( i.e. tobacco smoking) increase keratin production and retention  hyperkeratosis, like leukoplakia  can not be scraped off

84. Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis

85. Acute pseudomembranus type candidiasis

86. Acute pseudomembranus type candidiasis

87. erythematous cndidiasis

88. Factors predisposing to oral candidiasis
1. Systemic factors: physiologic old age, infancy, pregnancy
2. Endocrine disorders: diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism
3. Nutritional deficiencies: iron, foliate, or vitamin B12 deficiency
4. Malignancies:
acute leukemia, agranulocytosis,
5. Immune defects, immuosuppression, AIDS, thymic aplasia, corticosteroids

89. Candida Albicans

90. Candidiasis
Management:
a. discontinue broad spectrum
antibiotics treatment, use more selective ones.
b. anti-fungal therapy, ex. nystatin suspension
c. treatment of primary diseases.

91. AIDS 1. Pseudomembranous cadidiasis,
2. Erythematous candidiasis: lesion on the tongue: along the mid-line and the filiform papilla atrophic.
3. If esophageal candidiasis: may be AIDS.

92. Oral Candidiasis as the first manifestation of HIV Infection

93. Submucous fibrosis 1. a fibroelastic change of the lamina propria.
2. epithelial atrophy: stiffness of the
oral mucosa: trismus and inability to
eat.
3. etiology: unclear, strong irritating
foods and vitamin B def., protein
def., betel nut chewing.
Precancerous condition

94. Submucous fibrosis 1.Clinical: 1). burning sensation: vesicles,
ulcerations or recurrent stomatitis.
2). stiffening of certain areas: difficult
to opening the mouth and swallowing.
3). like systemic sclerosis or
scleroderma.
4). mucosa: finally became blanched and
opaque, fibrotic bands.
5). age: usually yrs.

95. Submucous fibrosis

96. Submucous fibrosis

97. Submucous fibrosis

98. Submucous fibrosis

99. Submucous fibrosis 2. Microscopic findings:
severe atrophic, rete pegs disappeared, epithelial atypia, disappearance of fibroblasts, blood vessels obstructed or narrowed.
3. Dense collagen bundles aggregation

100. Submucous fibrosis
3. Treatment:
1).could be precancerous.
2).systemic corticosteroid
and local hydrocortisone
to alleviate pain.

101. Sloughing Pseudomembranous Necrotic Lesions
May be scraped off the mucosa with a tongue blade, leaving a raw bleeding surface.

102. Plaque Plaque (material alba):
*dental plaque is on the tooth surface, not easily been washed off with water.

103. Chemical burns Chemical burns:
1. some analgesics put in the oral cavity: mucosal lesions: aspirin burn etc. or causatic agents (phenol, silver nitrate) used by dentist.
2. diagnosis: history.
3. treatment: protective coating: Orabase, bland diet; systemic analgesics.

104. chemical burn

105. chemical burn

106. chemical burn

107. ANUG
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG, Vincent’s infection, Trench mouth)
1.inflammatory disorder of gingiva, necrotic ulcerative destruction of the free gingiva, crest and inter-dental papillae.

108. ANUG

109. ANUG 2. Predisposing factors are very important:
(i). mainly due to decrease resistance to infection
(ii).gingivitis and periodontitis: poor oral hygiene
(iii). Stress
these lead to overgrowth of the normal flora or superinfection by anaerobic and fusiform bacilli
and spirochete (should be P.i.).

110. ANUG Differential diagnosis:
1.punched out defects of the inter-dental papillae: pathognomic for ANUG.
2.diffuse gangrenous stomatitis: necrotic gangrenous process spread to oral mucosa except interdental papillae and marginal gingiva: systemic disorders??

111. ANUG
Management:
1.mainly aimed to : superinfection by anaerobic fusiform and spirochetes, poor oral hygiene (gingivitis and periodontitis), and low resistance to infection.

112. ANUG (i). antibiotics (penicillin 500mg, q.i.d. >5days).
(ii). careful scaling, curettement and debridment ( best hrs after antibiotics treatment).
(iii). oral rinsing with a solution of 3% H2O2 in saline (1:3), 12x daily.
(iv). recontouring of the gingiva if necessary.

113. Candidiasis

114. Angular cheilitis
Predisposing factors: decreased vertical dimension of dentures, anemia, vitamin B deficiencies
Infection with Candida albicans, other microorganisms
Treatment: eliminate predisposing factors, antifungal ointment (nystatin)

115. Angular cheilitis

116. Angular cheilitis

117. Yellow Lesions
Fordyce’s granules:
a collection of sebaceous glands, covered by normal mucosa.
clinically: small elevated granules, color from whitish yellow to yellow.

118. Fordyce’s granules
1. in oral cavity: buccal mucosa (usually bilateral), retromolar pad, labial mucosa.
2. usually no ulceration, looks like cheese.
3. histological features: like normal sebaceous glands of skin.
% population may have, a benign lesions, patient cancer phobia.

119. Fordyce’s granule

120. Fordyce’s granule

121. Lipoma
1. the most common benign neoplasms, but rarely in oral cavity.
2. mature fat cells under skin tissue.
3. usually after 40 yrs., peak at 50 yrs (middle age).

122. Lipoma
4. in oral cavity: most on buccal mucosa and mucobuccal fold, then tongue, floor of the mouth and lips.
5. usually yellow color, but many shapes: sessile, pedunculated; usually smooth surface, no-ulcerated (except with trauma).
6. palpation: nontender, soft, felling like cheese.
7. usually single lesion.

123. Lipoma

124. Lipoma
1. Microscopic findings: mature fat cells within a connective tissue capsule, fibrous stroma divided into lobules, blood vessels in the septa.
2. Treatment: excision for large lesion, no treatment for small lesions.

125. Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts
1. a kinds of developmental anomalies. Cystic teratoma comes from germinal epithelium.
2. any place in the body, not usually in the oral cavity.
3. if in the oral cavity: patient may have swelling of his/her floor of the mouth.
4. at head and neck: most at floor of the mouth, then at submaxillary and submental areas.

126. Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts
5. any ages, but mostly discovered in yrs. old, nontender, various sizes, non-fixed, if no trauma: smooth surface.
6. histology classification depends on cystic contents:
(i). epidermoid cyst: fluid, keratin, non-
specific structures.
(ii). dermoid cyst: sebaceous materials,
keratin.
(iii). Teratoma: many elements from
different germinal layers: bone,
muscle, teeth etc.

127. Epidermoid cysts
Dermoid Cysts

128. Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts
Differential diagnosis:
ranula, thyroglossal duct cyst, cystic hygroma, brachial cleft cyst, cellulitis, tumors, fat masses.
Thyroglossal duct cyst

129. Oral Ulcers and Fissures
Recurrent aphthous ulcer (canker sore) (RAU) and Intraoral recurrent ulcer of herpes simplex (IRHS)
Both are:
(i). easy recurrent painful ulcer (superficial),
each time lasts 1-2 wks;
(ii). usually have tender LAP
(iii). spontaneous heal, no sequelae (scar
formation).

130. RAU and IRHS Differences: (i). Etiology:
RAU: psychic, allergic, microbial, traumatic, endocrine, hereditary and autoimmune mechanisms.
IRHS: HSV infection, may be subclinical infection, virus became latent in nerve endings or ganglions reactivation  epithelial cells lesions.

131. RAU and IRHS (ii). Sites:
RAU: freely movable mucosa (non-keratinized): lips, buccal mucosa, tongue, mucobuccal fold, floor of the mouth, soft palate.
IRHS: fixed mucosa (keratinized): hard palate, gingiva and alveolar ridge.

132. RAU and IRHS 3. Management:
a. in general, no treatment, heal after 1-2 weeks;
b. some ones used:
RAU: tetracycline mouthwash and cortisone
in Orabase; analgesics (may be).
IRHS: Vira-A or Zovirax cream (Acyclovir)

133. Minor type of Recurrent aphthous ulcer

134. Major recurrent aphthous ulcer

135. Herpetiform recurrent aphthous ulcer

136. Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis

137. Recurrent herpes labialis

138. Herpetiform recurrent aphthous ulcer

139. Tuberculosis (TB) 1. infectious organisms: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
2. at oral cavity: uncommon, if any, rarely are primary lesion,
but secondary to pulmonary lesions.
3. pulmonary lesion: sputum to small injury site of mucosa tissue, or through hematogenous spread to submucosa then proliferation to ulceration.
4. mostly at tongue then palate, lips, buccal mucosa, gingiva, frenula.

140. TB 5. irregular, painful ulcer, became larger slowly
6. easily to have trauma then can be mistaken as traumatic ulcer or carcinoma
7. sometimes without ulcer; if on gingival, then diffuse, hyperemic, nodular or papillary proliferation
8. sometimes involved bone (maxilla or mandible) through hematogenous spread.

141. Tubercurosis

142. Tubercles of epitheloid cells, Langhan’s giant cells, mononuclear cells in periphery

143. Ulcers secondary to systemic disease
Differential Diagnosis of Ulcers
Ulcers secondary to systemic disease
1. History of predisposing disease or history revealing information suggesting presence of disease.
2. Example: Steven-Johnson syndrome (Erythema multiform).

144. Erythema multiform
1. involves lips with multiple red lesions (papule or bullae): rupture: raw, painful lesions
2. other sites including skin lesions; before disease, may have HSV, taken drugs (antibiotics, contraceptives, barbiturates), post-radiation therapy ( i.e. ulcerative colitis patient).

145. Ulcers from odontogenic infections
1. suspicion of ulcer on alveolar or palate
2. digital pressure on alveolus or tooth elicits pus from ulcer
3. trace sinus with gutta percha cone: x-rays to isolate involved teeth.

146. RAU IRHS Recurrent aphthous ulcer:
1. yellowish ulcer, cm diameter, with narrow erythematous halo
2. on loose mucosa surface.
IRHS
Intraoral recurrent herpes simplex:
1. cluster of small punctuate ulcers (< 0.5cm)
2. on bound mucosa.

147. Traumatic ulcers
History of trauma or presence of potential etiologic agent.

148. Squamous cell carcinoma
1. high suspicion if patient is male over 40, heavy drinker or smoker
2. no evidence of trauma or systemic disease; negative serologic findings
3. risk factors involved: alcohol, betel quid chewing, smoking

149. Squamous cell carcinoma

150. Squamous cell carcinoma

151. 民國九十七年台灣地區十大癌症死因 台灣地區民國97年有38913人死於癌症， 平均每13分半就有1人死於癌症 死亡率
死亡原因 每十萬人口 死亡人數
死亡率
1 肺癌 ,771
2 肝癌 ,651
3 結腸直腸癌 ,266
4 女性乳癌 ,541
5 胃癌 ,292
6 口腔癌 ,218
7 攝護腺癌
8 子宮頸癌
9 食道癌 ,433
10 胰臟癌 ,364 公佈
台灣地區民國97年有38913人死於癌症，
平均每13分半就有1人死於癌症

152. 民國九十七年男性與女性十大癌症死因 男性 女性 1 肝癌 1 肺癌 2 肺癌 2 肝癌 3 結腸直腸癌 3 結腸直腸癌
男性 女性
1 肝癌 肺癌
2 肺癌 肝癌
3 結腸直腸癌 結腸直腸癌
4 口腔癌 女性乳癌
5 胃癌 胃癌
6 食道癌 子宮頸癌
7 攝護腺癌 胰臟癌
8 胰臟癌 卵巢癌
9 鼻咽癌 白血病
10非何杰金淋巴癌 非何杰金淋巴癌
口腔癌男性死亡2,079人 公佈

153. 台灣口腔癌死亡人數統計
資料來源:行政院衛生署　製圖：王文岑