1. Sovereignty, Authority, and Power Jessica Shi Period 1
Nigeria
Sovereignty, Authority, and Power
Jessica Shi
Period 1

2. Precolonial Nigeria Various indigenous polities
Sophisticated + influential societies
Some major polities:
Hausa states of Kano, Katsina, Zaria, and Gobir
Yoruba states of Ife and Oyo

3. Hausa Northern Nigeria Loose alliances Leadership based on ancestry
Division of labor between states
Leadership based on ancestry
1300s: Introduced to Islam
Honored traditional ways
1800s: Conquered by Fulani (Western Sudan)
Created Sokoto Caliphate

4. Yoruba Southwestern Nigeria
Allegiance paid to large urban center in area
Confederation of rulers: no centralized authority
1700s: Civil war in Oyo between minor leaders
Rebels called Fulani for help
Fulani conquered all of Oyo by 1830s
1880s: Treaty signed between warring factions with help from British

5. Slave Trade Arrival of Europeans = Slave trade 1/3 of Yoruba enslaved
1/2 of Hausas enslaved
British rule: 2 mil. to 2.5 mil. enslaved
Traded for European goods
Sokoto jihad and Yoruba wars: guns/gunpowder

6. Colonial Nigeria
1807: British legislation prohibits British subjects from participating in slave trade
Slave ships intercepted by Royal Navy
Some freed slaves migrate home, become agents to allow British trade
Encouraged palm oil trade, but failed to undermine slave trade

7. Colonial Nigeria
1849: UK appointed consul over bights of Benin and Biafra
1861: UK annexed Lagos
To better abolish slave trade (Lagos was an export point)
To protect trade interests from Lagos
1884: UK formed Niger Coast Protectorate
During Berlin Conference: “Scramble for Africa”

8. Colonial Nigeria
1886: Royal Niger Company established control over Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate
Chartered company
Competition with state-supported protectorates of France and Germany
1899: Charter revoked
1900: Transferred territories to British government
1901: Nigeria became a British protectorate

9. Divisions between North and South
View that Africans incapable of maintaining order
Mercantilist system
North
Frederick Lugard appointed High Comissioner
: Period of fighting
Indirect rule: Throne retained by cooperative chief with considerable power
Budget deficit: Powerful merchants refuse to tax trade

10. Divisions between North and South
British created political hierarchy, rule through traditional and non-traditional leaders
Rapid spread of Western education and Christianity
North
Christian missionaries resisted by Muslim leaders
Traditional leaders kept

11. Colonial Nigeria
1912: Lugard becomes governor of both northern and southern Nigeria
1914: Both regions united as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
For economic purposes
Still divided administratively
Nigerian Legislative Council established: no legislative powers

12. Colonial Nigeria
1922: Sir Hugh Clifford Constitution: Elective legislative houses, but only for southern provinces
1946: Richards Constitution: Expanded Legislative Council, established three regions (Eastern, Western, Northern) to reconcile religious tensions
East: Igbo
West: Yoruba
North: Hausa and Fulani

13. Colonial Nigeria
1951: Macpherson Constitution: Greater autonomy, central government with Council of Ministers + House of Representatives
Separate House of Chiefs for the North, to reflect tribal authority
1954: Lyttleton Constitution: More revisions, paved way towards independence

14. Colonial Nigeria
1957: Internal self-government in West + East regions, federal prime minister
1959: Internal self-government in the North
1950s: Ethnic cleavages
South committed to policies that would benefit the South because of wealth from export crops
North emirs want firm control on economics and politics, no intervention from federal government

15. Independence
1960: British Act of Parliament, Nigeria became independent
First constitution as sovereign state
Retains Queen Elizabeth II as head of state

16. First Republic
1963 Constitution: Federal republic based on Westminster system
Joint Nigerian’s People’s Congress (NPC, conservative, Hausa-Fulani interests) + Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP, Yoruba interests)

17. Military Rule 1
1966: Young Majors (Igbos) overthrew NPC-NNDP government, assassinated prime minister + premiers of West + North
Igbos in north massacred
1966: Major General Yakubu Gowon took over leadership
Divided regions into 12 states

18. Military Rule 1 1967: Igbo rejects the division
Emeka Ojukwu (Igbo officer) declares the Eastern region an independent nation: Republic of Biafra
: Nigerian Civil War: Ethnic/political conflict over attempted secession of Republic of Biafra
Biafra suffers the most: land-locked, starving, surrenders

19. Military Rule 1 1973: Rise of oil prices
Nigerian government becomes wealthy due to large reserves of petroleum (discovered in 1950s)
1975: General Murtala Mohammed staged bloodless coup
Accused Gowon of oil corruption + delaying promise of civilian rule

20. Military Rule 1 1976: Mohammed assasinated
1976: Chief of staff Lt. General Olusegun Obasanjo takes over
Oil prices plummet, economic crisis + political disorder

21. Second Republic 1979 Constitution: American-style presidential system
National Party of Nigeria (NPN, Hausa- Fulani interests)
Subdivisions increased to 19 states

22. Military Rule 2
1983 Election: Disputes over vote rigging, legal battle over NPN win
Military overthrew Second Republic
Major General Muhammadu Buhari emerged as leader of the Supreme Military Council
1985: General Ibrahim Babngida overthrew Buhari
Claimed misuse of power, violations of human rights, failure to deal with economic crisis

23. Third Republic
1993 Constitution: Return of democratic rule, never fully implemented
Babangida promised to return to civilian rule by 1990, then 1993
1989: Two established parties: National Republic Convention (NRC), Social Democratic Party (SDP)

24. Third Republic
1993 Presidential Election: Moshood Abiola (Yoruba businessman) seemed to be winning a decisive victory in early votes, Babngida annulled the election
1993: Riots, >100 killed, Babangida handed over power to an interim government
Ernest Shonekan (nonpartisan businessman) is to rule until 1994 elections

25. Military Rule 3
1993: Defense Minister Sani Abacha forced Shonekan’s resignation (economic problems, political tension)
Dissolved democratic institutions
Replaced elected governors with military officers
1994: Abiola declared himself president
1995: Activist Ken Saro-Wiwa arrested for murder of rivals at a political rally, sentenced to death
Worldwide outcry over lack of fair trial

26. Military Rule 3
1998: Abacha died of heart failure, replaced by General Abdulsalami Abubakar

27. Fourth Republic
1999 Constitution: Restored democratic rule, in place today
People’s Democratic Party (PDP, right- leaning)
1999 Election: Olusegun Obasanjo won
Marked improvements in human rights + freedom of press
Still lots of violence over ethnic + religious differences

28. Fourth Republic 2003: Obasanjo reelected
2007: Umaru Yar’Adua elected President (PDP), marred with electoral fraud
2010: Goodluck Jonathan (PDP) took over after Yar’Adua’s death
2011: Jonathan won reelections, current President of Nigeria

29. Future Problems Rebuilding a petroleum-based economy
Ethnic + religious tension
Conflict over oil
Not a lot of constitutionalism (because there were so many constitutions)
Poverty: gap between upper + lower class, very small middle class

30. Legitimacy Election fraud (especially 2007) Military dependence
Voting boxes vandalized/stolen
Lack of privacy, police instructing people who to vote for
Underage voting
Military dependence
Olusegun Obasanjo: former military general
Lack of rule of law under generals
Low levels of trust

31. Political Culture Patron-client system Voting
“Prebendalism”: sense of entitlement to government revenues
Large networks based on personal loyalty
Corruption
Voting
Unreliable statistics: estimated 2/3 of eligible voters voted in 2003

32. Media All 36 states run their own radio stations
Radio: main source of information
>100 private + state-owned newspapers
Reflects ethnic divisions
Illiteracy is an issue
National Broadcasting Commission monitors broadcast media

33. Supranational Orgnizations
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) member
Received assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Participated in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
Ambitions similar to those of the European Union (EU)

34. Presidents First Republic Military Rule 1 1963-1966: Nnamdi Azikiwe
: Major-General Johnson Aguiyi- Ironsi
: General Yakubu Gowon
: General Murtala Mohammed
: Major-General Olusegun Obasanjo

35. Presidents Second Republic Military Rule 2 Third Republic
: Shehu Shagari
Military Rule 2
: Major-General Muhammadu Buhari
: General Ibrahim Babangida
Third Republic
: Ernest Shonekan
Military Rule 3
: General Sani Abacha
: General Abdulsalami Abubakar

36. Presidents Fourth Republic 1999-2007: Olusegun Obasanjo
: Umaru Musa Yar’Adua
2010-present: Goodluck Jonathan

37. Regions North: Hausa-Fulani, predominately Muslim
Southwest: Yoruba, 40% Muslim + 40% Christian
Southeast: Igbo, mostly Roman Catholic, growing number of Protestant Christians

38. Map

39. Tic Tac Toe (sorta)