1. Integrated Catchments Management: Technological issues - Modelling 18 de Outubro de 2012

2. Water fluxes and Activities in a catchment

3. People usually assess water per compartment

4. Land is often another issue.

5. Soil Threats http://www.soil- net.com/dev/page.cfm?pageid=about&logi nas=anon_about

6. http://www.georgesriver.org.au/What-is-a-catchment.html Over the last 200 years Australians have been busy building cities […] as a result the health of the River itself has declined. Visit our Impacts and Problems pages for more information and tips on how you can help to improve the health of the Georges River Catchment.Impacts and Problems Reservoirs tend to retain material and often generate the first water quality warning. What is wrong with our [Australian] catchments now?

7. Estuary Threats http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Environment/Natural- resources/coast/Coastal-ecosystems/Estuaries/Threats-to-estuaries/

8. Threats in a catchment Water resources conservation o Quantity: o Quality: eutrophication Soil conservation o Erosion, o Organic matter loss o Salinisation o Landslides o Soil sealing o ….. Desertification is the loss of one or more soil properties, originating lower productivity.

9. Water is linking all catchment activities Integrated modelling of soil and water processes is required

10. Types of models Many…. They can be specific of a water compartment: o Meteorologists develop models for evapotranspiration, o Hydrogeologists develop models for groundwater o Agronomists put emphasis on the vadose zone models o Hydrologists tend to concentrate on surface fresh water (some on reservoirs) o Oceanographers tend to study estuary and coastal waters They can address a specific scale: o Local, catchment or global o Daily time step, event oriented. They can be process oriented o Salinisation o Erosion o Fertilization

11. Dia mundial da água, Cascais, 2007 2D Overland flow Precipitation Variable in Time & Space 3D Porous Media 1D Drainage network Integrated Basin Modelling

12. Integrated Basin Modeling Rain Intensity Flow Production 2 Different Soils Infiltration Overland Flow

13. Dia mundial da água, Cascais, 2007 Integrated Basin Modeling Rain Intensity Sediment Transport 2 Catchments 1 Reservoir

14. 14 © 2008 Action Modulers. All rights reserved. MOHID Land - Exemplos Cheia no Vale do Tejo Transport 1D Overland 2D

15. 15 © 2008 Action Modulers. All rights reserved. MOHID Land – Exemplos Estudo de Cenários Descarga de Propriedades

16. Global Models http://www.hwm.wur.nl/UK/Staff/Gerald+Corzo+Per ez/ http://www.hwm.wur.nl/UK/Staff/Gerald+Corzo+Per ez/ http://hype.sourceforge.net/

17. Simple comprehensive Catchment models (e.g. SWAT) Diffuse Nitrogen Load Soil Texture Precipitation Land Use

18. Nutrient Budgets 18

19. Water Pathways (Hydrology) Precipitação Runoff Unsaturated Flow Saturated Flow ETa

20. Objective of the Modelling Lectures Describe the main processes and how they are being handled in each type of model. Provide to the student a clear idea of how to use models o clarify problems and optimize solutions, converting DPSIR into Numbers D river, P ressure, S tate, I mpact, R esponse.