1. Aim: How did species evolve ?
HW 13
Text read chapter 16
Do Analyzing Data Activity page 408

2. Patterns of Evolution
Natural selection can ultimately lead to the formation of new species. Sometimes many species evolve from a single ancestral species. Similarities in skeletal and muscular structure of Hawaiian honeycreepers led scientists to conclude that the 23 species of honeycreepers evolved from one ancestral species

3. Hawaiian Honeycreepers
Adaptive radiation is one example of divergent evolution. Divergent evolution is the process of two or more related species becoming more and more dissimilar
The Hawaiian Islands are of volcanic origins, and have a variety of habitats. Adaptive radiations have occurred in Hawaiian Honeycreepers . In the absence of other bird species, they radiated to fill numerous niches.
Location, location, location and environmental niches
Divergent evolution is the process of two or more related species becoming more and more dissimilar

4. Discuss with your group what environmental changes could promote speciation (evolution of new species)
Food, type of food, geographic isolation (species are separated and do not interbreed).

5. DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
"One ancestral stock evolves into two species, which continue to evolve and become less and less alike over time."
The ancestral mammal probably existed about 190 million years ago. It was around at the time of the dinosaurs, but with the extinction of the dinoasurs, the mammals were able to undergo extensive adaptive radiation to fill a wide range of ecological niches.

6. Patterns of Evolution
In convergent evolution, on the other hand, unrelated species become more and more similar in appearance as they adapt to the same kind of environment.

8. "CONVERGENT EVOLUTION occurs when two or more groups that are not closely related come to resemble each other more and more as time passes. This is usually the result of occupation of similar habitats and the adoption of similar environmental roles.."

9. Patterns of Evolution
Punctuated Equilibrium attempts to explain abrupt transitions in the fossil record
Gradualism explains evolution as proceeding in small gradual steps

10. PARALLEL EVOLUTION "In PARALLEL EVOLUTION two related species arise from a common ancestor. The two species then evolve in much the same way over time, probably in response to similar environmental selection pressures."
In this example, both the wooly mammoth, which occupied parts of North America, and the elephant, still found in Asia and Africa are presumed to have evolved from a common ancestor. Their geographical isolation and environmental selection pressures caused further evolution of the species, but each, in its own location, occupies(d) a similar niche.

11. Punctuated equilibrium
This type of diagram reflects the theory that evolution has not occurred at a constant rate, rather it has occurred in short bursts with long periods of stability between. This theory explains the absence of the infinite range of intermediate fossils in branches of evolution such as the vertebrates.

12. Cladograms show evolutionary 'closeness'
This simple mammalian cladogram shows that dingos (placental) and koalas (marsupial) are more closely related than either are to the platypus (monotreme).

13. What does this cladogram show?
This more complex cladogram shows not only the relationships between bears, panda and dogs, but it gives an idea of time since these animals shared common ancestors.
What does this cladogram show?

14. Aim: How did speciation occur?
Patterns of evolution A. B. C.

15. Hawaiian Honeycreepers
Divergent evolution is the process of two or more related species becoming more and more dissimilar
The Hawaiian Islands are of volcanic origins, and have a variety of habitats. Adaptive radiations have occurred in Hawaiian Honeycreepers . In the absence of other bird species, they radiated to fill numerous niches.
Location, location, location and environmental niches
Divergent evolution is the process of two or more related species becoming more and more dissimilar

16. Factors that contribute to the formation of a new species ?
Section 16-3
Reproductive Isolation
results from
Isolating mechanisms
which include
Behavioral isolation
Temporal isolation
Geographic isolation
produced by
produced by
produced by
Behavioral differences
Different mating times
Physical separation
Discuss with your group
which result in
Independently evolving populations
which result in
Formation of new species