1. Organization of the Cell

2. Cell theory
Cells are the basic living units of organization and function
All cells come from other cells
Work of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow contributed to this theory
Each cell is a microcosm of life

3. Cell organization and size permit homeostasis
Homeostasis: The balanced internal environment of the body; the automatic tendency of an organism to maintain such a steady state.

4. Cell surface area-to-volume ratio
Plasma membrane must be large enough relative to cell volume to regulate passage of materials

5. Organization is basically the same in all cells
All cells have a plasma membrane, which is a selective barrier
Cells have internal organelles that are specialized for various functions
Cell size is limited by the surface to volume ratio, so cells remain small
Cell shape and size are related to function.

6. Surface to volume ratio
As the cell size increases, the volume becomes too large for the surface membrane to handle.

7. Cell surface area-to-volume ratio

9. Biological size and cell diversity

10. Small size… (add)
Molecules must be transported to the locations where they are converted into other forms
With small cell size, distances molecules travel within them are relatively short which speeds up many cellular activities

11. Cells are studied by a combination of methods
Robert Hooke: identified the cell walls and gave the structure the name “cell”.
Study of the cell was not possible until microscopes.

12. Microscopes
Light microscope, referred to as compound microscope, used by most students
Two features determine how clearly an object is viewed
Magnification: how much larger
Resolution: how clear
Light microscope has 500 times more resolution than human eye

13. Allows study of the ultrastructure of cells
Electron microscope
Developed in the 1950s
Allows study of the ultrastructure of cells
10,000 times more resolution than human eye

14. Types of electron microscope
Transmission electron microscope: used for studying ultra structure. Specimen must be specially prepared and sliced very thin.
Scanning electron microscope: bounces electrons off a thin metallic coating on the object. Enables surface area to be viewed.

15. Comparing light and electron microscopy

16. Cell fractionation Used to determine function of organelles
Cells broken apart and the resulting cell extract spun in a centrifuge
Centrifugal force separates extract
Pellet: solid particle
Supernatant: fluid material

17. Cell fractionation

18. Types of Cells http://www. tvdsb. on
Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria and Archea
1. lack membrane bound organelles
2. smaller in size than eukaryotes
3. DNA is located in nucleoid area and is not bound by a nuclear membrane
4. Most have cell walls
5. Have ribosomes and storage granules

19. Eukaryotic cells: all other organisms
1. nucleoplasm: contains chromosomes which package DNA
2. cytoplasm: area outside the nucleus; contains cytosol and organelles, many of which are membrane-bound
3. type of cell determines which organelles are present and in what numbers

20. Divide cell into compartments, allowing for specialized activities
Functions of cell membranes
Divide cell into compartments, allowing for specialized activities
Interacting membranes form endomembrane system
Vesicles transport materials between compartments

21. Diagram of a plant cell

22. Diagram of an animal cell

23. The cell nucleus Contains DNA Bounded by
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane perforated with nuclear pores
DNA forms chromatin, which is organized into chromosomes
Nucleolus
RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

24. The cell nucleus

25. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Network of folded internal membranes in the cytosol
Smooth ER
Site of lipid synthesis
Site of detoxifying enzymes
Rough ER
Ribosomes manufacture proteins
Proteins may be moved into the ER lumen

26. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

28. Glycoproteins transported to the cis face
Golgi complex
Cisternae that process, sort, and modify proteins
In animal cells, Golgi complex also manufactures lysosomes
Glycoproteins transported to the cis face
Golgi modifies carbohydrates and lipids and packages into vesicles; which then may leave the cell

29. Golgi complex

30. Lysosomes break down worn-out cell structures, bacteria, and other substances
Primary lysosomes bud from the Golgi complex
Secondary lysosomes form by fusion of a primary lysosome with a vesicle containing ingested material
Involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death)

31. Lysosomes

32. Peroxisomes metabolize small organic compounds
Transfer hydrogen from various compounds to oxygen, forming hydrogen peroxide
Catalase is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide
Most common in cells that synthesize, store, and degrade lipids

33. Peroxisomes and lysosomes

34. Vacuoles Large, fluid-filled sacs with a variety of functions.
May function in storage of toxins or pigments
Plant vacuoles are typically large and allow the cell to increase in size
Protist vacuoles may involve digestion or excretion.

37. Mitochondria Sites of aerobic respiration
Organelles enclosed by a double membrane
Cristae and matrix contain enzymes for aerobic respiration
Nutrients broken down and energy packaged in ATP
Carbon dioxide and water by-products

38. Mitochondria

39. Chloroplasts Plastids that carry out photosynthesis
Inner membrane of chloroplast encloses the stroma
During photosynthesis, chlorophyll traps light energy
Energy converted to chemical energy in ATP; sugars/food for the plant are manufactured.

40. Chloroplast

41. Cellular respiration and photosynthesis

42. Equation for photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
If you turn the arrow around, you have the equation for cellular respiration.

43. Internal framework made of
Cytoskeleton
Internal framework made of
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Provides structural support
Involved with transport of materials in the cell

44. The Cytoskeleton

45. Cilia and flagella
Thin, movable structures that project from cell surface
Function in movement
Microtubles anchored in cell by basal body

46. Structure of cilia

47. Cilia and flagella

48. Glycocalyx, cell coat formed by polysaccarides extending from plasma membrane
Many animal cells also surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM)
Most bacteria, fungi, and plant cell walls made of carbohydrates

49. Extracellular matrix

50. Plant cell walls