1. Chapter 26 An Age of Democracy and Progress 1815-1914
Starting on Page 747

2. Section 1: Reform in the British Empire
Review of the British Government
Constitutional Monarchy
King or Queen, head of state (official leader)
Parliament had the real power
Voting rights
Men: only those who owned a substantial amount of land could vote
Women: no vote
In total, barely 5% of the people could vote for parliament.

3. Section 1: Reform in the British Empire
Queen Victoria
Born in 1819
Becomes Queen in 1837, at the age of 18
Married Prince Albert of Germany in 1840, they had nine children.
The Royal couple presented a picture of loving family life that became the British ideal.
Queen Victoria was very popular, and reigned until 1901, and her rule is known as “The Victorian Era.”

4. Section 1: Reform in the British Empire
Reform Bill of 1832
Lessened property requirements, allowing the upper middle class to vote. Increased population that voted to 7%
Chartist Movement
The People’s Charter of Wanted new reforms
Voting for all men
Annual parliamentary elections
Secret Ballot
No property requirements for Members of Parliament
Salaries for Members of Parliament
Parliament rejects request, BUT…
In 1867 and 1884, laws are passed that expands the vote to a majority of men

5. Section 1: Reform in the British Empire
Women’s Rights Movement
Early protests were peaceful
Resistance argued that women lacked the ability to take part in politics
Emmeline Pankhurst: Women’s Social & Political Union
Goal was to draw attention to women’s suffrage
Pankhurst and her daughters protested, and would be arrested several times.
The Right to Vote would be given after World War I in both Britain and America

6. Section 1: Democracy in France
The Third Republic
Unstable, between , there was a change in power nearly every year
New constitution approved in 1875
The Dreyfus Affair
Groups in France wanted either a monarchy or military rule
Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a rare Jewish officer in the military, was accused of selling secrets to Germany, sentenced to life in prison based on false evidence
Became an issue between justice and honor for the army
Highlight the issue of anti-Semitism, or prejudice against Jews
Zionism
Movement to create a separate Jewish homeland in Palestine (modern day Israel)

7. Section 2: Self-Rule for Canada
Upper and Lower Canada
Upper Canada (modern Ontario): English speaking majority
Lower Canada (modern Quebec): French speaking majority
The Durham Report, 1839
Reunite Upper and Lower Canada
Give home rule for domestic matters

8. Section 2: Self-Rule for Canada
By the mid 1800s, many Canadians felt that they needed a central government to better unify the country against the United States
In 1867, Nova Soctia and New Brunswick were joined with the Province of Canada to create the new Dominion of Canada.
The Dominion would have self-rule in all domestic matters, with its own Parliament and Prime Minister
By 1871, the Dominion stretched from Atlantic to Pacific

9. Section 2: Self-Rule for Australia and New Zealand
Native Population: Aborigines
Oldest ongoing culture in the world
Britain Claimed part of Australia in 1770
British used Australia as a Penal Colony (Prison Colony) starting in 1788
Free Settlers join Australia in the 1800s, especially after a gold rush in 1851
New Zealand
Natives: Maori
Polynesian people
Claimed by Britain in 1769
First settlers were Christian missionaries

10. Section 2: Self-Rule for Australia and New Zealand
Colonies in New Zealand and Australia became self- governing in 1850s
Australian colonies unified as the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901
New Zealand became a Dominion in 1907

11. Section 2: The Irish Struggle for Home Rule
The English began taking over Ireland in the 1100s
During the 1500s and 1600s, English government limited the rights of Catholics.
Ireland formally joined to Britain in 1801
Catholic emancipation in 1829
Great Famine
Between , Ireland’s potato crop ruined by plant fungus. 1 million people died during those years
Another 1.5 million emigrated to the United States, Canada, and Australia

12. Section 2: The Irish Struggle for Home Rule
British Resistance to Irish Home Rule
Feared that Irish Protestants would be mistreated as a minority in a Catholic majority country
Most protestants lived in the north, in Ulster.
Home Rule bill approved in 1914, but put on hold by World War I
Easter Rising: 1916
Irish Republican Army (IRA)
Home Rule granted in 1921
Ulster, also known as Northern Ireland, remained under British rule
Full independence declared in 1949

13. Section 3: America Expands West
Manifest Destiny: the idea that the United States had the right to rule North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Used to justify removing Native Americans from their tribal Lands
Trail of Tears, 1830s
American Expansion Westward:
1803: Louisiana Purchase
1819: Spain gives up Florida
1846: Treaty with Britain gives America part of the Oregon Territory

14. Section 3: America Expands West
Texas Revolution and War with Mexico
Texan settlers declare independence from Mexican rule in 1836
In a treaty, Texas is annexed as a state into the United States in 1845
Mexico still claims Texas, and declares war in 1846.
Mexico is defeated in 1848, and gives up much of it’s northern territory, including present day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico
1853 Gadsden Purchase (part of present day Southern Arizona and New Mexico) brought the continental United States to it’s modern day boundaries.

15. Section 3: The American Civil War
Differences between North and South
The North had a diverse economy, with both farms and a growing number of factories, and used free workers for labor
The South relied on a plantation economy, mainly relying on one type of crop (cotton), and used slaves for labor.
Slavery Issue
Most Southerners believed slavery was necessary for their economy
A growing number of Northerners believed slavery was morally wrong, and slavery was outlawed in the North.
Fought over the expansion of slavery to the western states.

16. Section 3: The American Civil War
War Breaks out between the States
Election of 1860: Abraham Lincoln
Secession: Southern states voting to withdraw, or leave, the Union. First state to secede is South Carolina in December of 1860
War Starts on April 12, 1861
Southern advantages: better military leadership, better knowledge of the terrain (war primarily fought in the south)
Northern advantages: larger population, better transportation, greater resources, more factories
South surrenders in 1865
Abolition of Slavery
Emancipation Proclamation – 1863
13th, 14th and 15th Amendments

17. Section 3: America after the Civil War
Immigration
During the 1870s, nearly 2,000 immigrants arrived each day
By 1914, 20 million people had immigrated to the U.S. since the Civil War
Allowed for increased industrialization, and westward settlement
Railroads
First transcontinental railroad completed in 1869
By 1900, there were 200,000 miles of track crossing the country
By 1914, America was a leading industrial power

18. Section 4: Inventions, Medicine and Science
New Inventions
New types of Energy: Electricity and Internal Combustion
Thomas Edison: 1,000 inventions, including light bulb, the phonograph, “moving pictures.”
Alexander Graham Bell: Telephone
Guglielmo Marconi: Radio
Henry Ford: Model-T and the assembly line
The Wright Brothers: First Flight of an Airplane

19. Section 4: Inventions, Medicine and Science
New Discoveries in Medicine
The Germ Theory of Disease
Louis Pasteur: discovers bacteria, creates method called “pasteurization” (heating things up to kill bacteria)
Joseph Lister: 1865, clean surgery room and use of antiseptics (germ killing liquids)
Public cleanliness & health

20. Section 4: Inventions, Medicine and Science
New Discoveries in Science
Charles Darwin: Theory of Evolution
On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection
Gregor Mendel: Genetics
Inherited traits in plants
John Dalton: Atom Theory
Dmitri Mendeleev: Periodic Table
Marie & Pierre Curie
Radioactivity
Psychology
Ivan Pavlov: human actions could be changed by training
Sigmund Freud: suppressed memories, desires and impulses shape behavior

21. Section 4: The Rise of Mass Culture
What creates Mass Culture?
Better public education
Improvement in communications
Invention of phonograph and records
Shorter workday (10 hours) and shorter workweek (5 ½ days)
Music Halls and Vaudeville Shows
Movies
Sports
US: Football and Baseball
Europe: Soccer
British Empire: Cricket
Olympics, 1896