1. Individual Behavior & Performance
OBJECTIVES
DESCRIPTION OF BASIC ATTRIBUTES OF INDIVIDUALS
UNDERSTAND WHAT VALUES, ATTITUDES & PERCEPTUAL PROCESS ARE
DISCUSS MOTIVATION THEORIES
UNDERSTAND WHAT IS LEARNING, REINFORCEMENT, AND SELF - MANAGEMENT
DESCRIPTION OF JOB DESIGN STRATEGIES

2. Description of Basic Attributes of Individuals
OBJECTIVE:
TO UNDERSTAND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL ATTRIBUTES & JOB REQUIREMENTS

3. Individual Performance Factors
OP = I x WE x OS
OP = organizational performance
I = individual attributes
WE = work effort
OS = organizational support

4. Individual Attributes
Individual Attributes = a capacity to perform
OP = I x WE x OS
THAT IS:
GENDER (MEN, WOMEN)
AGE
APTITUDE
ABILITY (WHAT A PERSON CAN DO)
PERSONALITY
VALUE & ATTITUDE
PERCEPTION

5. = THE CAPACITY TO LEARN SOMETHING Ability
Aptitude
= THE CAPACITY TO LEARN SOMETHING
Ability
= THE CAPACITY TO PERFORM VARIOUS TASKS NEEDED FOR A GIVEN JOB
Competency
= ABILITY + APTITUDE

6. Personality…
… REPRESENTS THE OVERALL PROFILE OR COMBINATION OF CHARACTERISTICS THAT REFLECTS THE UNIQUE NATURE OF A PERSON AS THAT PERSON REACTS AND INTERACTS WITH OTHERS

7. How Personalities Differ: Personality Dimensions
EXTRAVERSION: sociable, assertive
AGREEABLENESS: trusting, cooperative
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: responsible
EMOTIONAL STABILITY: relaxed, secure
OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE: imaginative

8. (Personality) Social Traits
REFLECT THE WAY A PERSON APPEARS TO OTHERS WHEN INTERACTING IN VARIOUS SOCIAL SETTINGS
5 PERSONAL CONCEPTIONS:

9. 1. Locus of Control
IS THE INTERNAL - EXTERNAL ORIENTATION, i.e. THE EXTENT TO WHICH A PERSON FEELS ABLE TO AFFECT HIS/HER OWN LIFE
INTERNALS
ARE PERSONS WITH AN INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL. THEY ARE PEOPLE WHO BELIEVE THAT THEY CONTROL THEIR OWN FATE OR DESTINY
EXTERNALS
ARE PERSONS WITH AN EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL, WHO BELIEVE THAT WHAT HAPPENS TO THEM IS BEYOND THEIR CONTROL

10. Locus of Control: Examples
Many of the unhappy things in peoples’ lives are partially due to bad luck
Peoples’ misfortunes result from the mistakes they make (b)
As far as world affairs are concerned, most of us are victims of forces we can neither understand nor control
By taking an active part in political & social affairs, people can control world events (b)
(b shows an internal orientation)

11. 2. Authoritarianism
IS A PERSONALITY TRAIT THAT FOCUSES ON THE RIGIDITY OF A PERSON´S BELIEFS – A TENDENCY TO ADHERE RIGIDLY TO CONVENTIONAL VALUES AND TO OBEY RECOGNIZED AUTHORITY

12. 3. Dogmatism
IS A PERSONALITY TRAIT THAT REGARDS LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY AS ABSOLUTE AND ACCEPTS OR REJECTS OTHERS BASED ON THEIR ACCEPTANCE OF AUTHORITY

13. 4. Machiavellians
ARE PEOPLE WHO VIEW AND MANIPULATE OTHERS FOR PURELY PERSONAL GAINS

14. 5. Self-monitoring
REFLECTS A PERSON’S ABILITY TO ADJUST HIS OR HER BEHAVIOR TO EXTERNAL, SITUATIONAL (ENVIRONMENTAL) FACTORS

15. Values & Attitudes WHAT ARE VALUES?
Beliefs that guide actions & judgments across a variety of situations
Values reflect a person’s sense of right & wrong
WHY ARE VALUES IMPORTANT?
Values & attitudes influence the way people perceive what happens, their behavior & outputs

16. Sources of Values Parents (family) Friends Teachers
External reference groups

17. Types of Values
Terminal values ARE VALUES THAT REFLECT A PERSON´S BELIEFS ABOUT ENDS TO BE ACHIEVED
Instrumental values ARE VALUES THAT REFLECT A PERSON´S BELIEFS ABOUT THE MEANS FOR ACHIEVING DESIRED ENDS
WHAT ARE THE VALUES OF THE YOUNG GENERATION?
WHAT ARE THE VALUES OF SLOVAK PEOPLE?
WHAT ARE THE VALUES OF PEOPLE IN THE USA?

18. Top 9 Work-related Values IMPORTANT FOR THE NEW WORKFORCE AS ORGANIZATIONAL SPECIALISTS BELIEVE
RECOGNITION FOR COMPETENCE & ACCOMPLISHMENTS
RESPECT & DIGNITY
PERSONAL CHOICE & FREEDOM
INVOLVEMENT AT WORK
PRIDE IN ONE’S WORK
LIFESTYLE QUALITY
FINANCIAL SECURITY
SELF-DEVELOPMENT
HEALTH & WELLNESS

19. What Are Attitudes?
…PREDISPOSITIONS TO RESPOND IN A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE WAY TO SOMEONE OR SOMETHING IN ONE´S ENVIRONMENT
ATTITUDES ARE INFLUENCED BY VALUES, BUT THEY FOCUS ON SPECIFIC PEOPLE OR OBJECTS, WHILE VALUES HAVE A MORE GENERAL FOCUS

20. Example “EMPLOYEES SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE”
IS A VALUE (YOUR POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE FEELING ABOUT YOUR JOB)
WHEN YOU SAY THAT YOU “LIKE” OR “DISLIKE” SOMEONE OR SOMETHING, YOU ARE EXPRESSING AN ATTITUDE

21. AN IMPORTANT WORK - RELATED ATTITUDE IS
JOB SATISFACTION

22. Components of Attitudes
COGNITIVE COMPONENTS ARE THE BELIEFS, OPINIONS, KNOWLEDGE, OR INFORMATION A PERSON POSSESSES
BELIEFS REPRESENT IDEAS ABOUT SOMEONE OR SOMETHING AND THE CONCLUSIONS PEOPLE DRAW ABOUT THEM
AFFECTIVE COMPONENTS ARE THE SPECIFIC FEELINGS REGARDING THE PERSONAL IMPACT OF SOME FACTS (e.g. “I don’t like my job”)
BEHAVIORAL COMPONENTS ARE THE INTENTIONS TO BEHAVE IN A CERTAIN WAY BASED ON A PERSON´S SPECIFIC FEELINGS OR ATTITUDE (e.g. “I’m going to quit my job”)

23. Components of Attitudes Systematically Relate to Each Other as Follows:
Beliefs & Values
Attitudes
Behavior
CREATE
THAT
PREDISPOSE
“My job lacks responsibility”
“I don’t like my job”
“I’m going to quit my job”

24. Job Satisfaction as an Attitude
JOB SATISFACTION IS THE DEGREE TO WHICH INDIVIDUALS FEEL POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY ABOUT THEIR JOBS
TWO CLOSELY RELATED ATTITUDES TO JOB SATISFACTION ARE:
Organizational Commitment - THE DEGREE TO WHICH A PERSON STRONGLY IDENTIFIES WITH AND FEELS A PART OF THE ORGANIZATION
2. Job Involvement - THE WILLINGNESS OF A PERSON TO WORK HARD AND APPLY EFFORT BEYOND NORMAL JOB EXPECTATIONS

25. Job Satisfaction & Performance
“I SPEND 42 HOURS A WEEK HERE – AM I SUPPOSED TO WORK, TOO?”
JOB SATISFACTION - PERFORMANCE CONTROVERSY:
Satisfaction causes performance: S -> P
Performance causes satisfaction: P -> S
Reward causes both performance & satisfaction: R -> P&S
Which one do you prefer and why?

26. Perception Factors influencing perception:
PERCEPTION IS THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE RECEIVE, ORGANIZE, AND INTERPRET INFORMATION FROM THEIR ENVIRONMENT
Factors influencing perception:
Perceiver (experience, needs & motives, values, attitudes)
Setting (physical, social organizational)
The perceived (figure, intensity, size, motion, repetition)

27. Common Perceptual Distortions
HALO EFFECT – OCCURS WHEN ONE ATTRIBUTE OF A PERSON OR SITUATION IS USED TO DEVELOP AN OVERALL IMPRESSION OF THE PERSON OR SITUATION
SELECTIVE PERCEPTION – IS THE TENDENCY TO SINGLE OUT FOR ATTENTION THOSE ASPECTS OF A SITUATION OR PERSON THAT REINFORCE OR EMERGE AND ARE CONSISTENT WITH EXISTING BELIEFS, VALUES, AND NEEDS
PROJECTION – IS THE ASSIGNMENT OF PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES TO OTHER INDIVIDUALS (E.G.MANAGERS WHO ASSUME THAT THE NEEDS OF THEIR SUBORDINATES AND THEIR OWN COINCIDE)
CONTRAST EFFECT – OCCURS WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL’S CHARACTERISTICS ARE CONTRASTED WITH THOSE OF OTHERS RECENTLY ENCOUNTERED, WHO RANK HIGHER OR LOWER ON THE SAME CHARACTERISTICS
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY – IS THE TENDENCY TO CREATE OR FIND IN ANOTHER SITUATION OR INDIVIDUAL THAT WHICH ONE HAS EXPECTED TO FIND

28. An Old Hag or a Young Woman? A Problem of Perception