1. Industrialisation by invitation
Sir Arthur Lewis
St. Lucia

2. Visionary work of Sir Arthur Lewis
Sir Arthur Lewis is St. Lucian
Born to Antiguan parents ( January
23, 1915)
He holds a Bachelor of Commerce
Degree from the London School of Economics
PhD in Industrial Economics from the same institution.
He published a series of articles as Professor at University of Manchester and later became Professor in Economics at Princeton University.

3. Other Achievements:
Economic Adviser to the Prime Minister of Ghana ( )
Deputy Managing Director of the UN Special Fund
Vice-Chancellor of the University of the West Indies (1959)
Knighted in 1963
Instrumental in helping to set up the Caribbean Development Bank from to 1974 where he held the position of Director of the bank
In 1979 he won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics, becoming the first black person to win a Nobel Prize in a category other than peace.
He died June 15, 1991

4. What is “Industrialisation by Invitation”?
A study produced by St. Lucian Economist Sir Arthur Lewis in 1949, following a spate of Caribbean rebellions due to the prevailing high level of poverty in the region indicated by high employment, poor housing and a narrow sector based on sugar.
Industrialisation by Invitation thesis was offered as a solution to the problems of Caribbean development, where an unlimited supply of labour is ensured which will keep wages down and thus produce cheaper commodities.

5. The general idea was for Caribbean governments to encourage multi- national corporations to establish industrial enterprises in the region by the provision of suitable physical plants equipped with utilities.

6. Reasons for I by I
Agriculture had reached its limits of internal and externally profitable cultivation
The growth rate of the population was faster than the growth of agriculture
A manufacturing base had to be established to absorb agricultural output and to create employment opportunities

7. Other Key Ideas of Industrialisation by invitation
Jamaica (Sugar and bauxite)
MNCs such as Tate and Lyle; Kaiser invited to manufature sugar products and mine bauxite
UK and American markets
A country should specialise in manufactures to which its resources are most appropriate and avoid the others.
"To start manufacturing in a new country is a formidable enough problem; therefore countries must seek manufacturers who are already established in the market, and try to persuade them to set up branches in the new country." These multinationals would bring with them the vital access to markets.
These products could be sold to the dominant industrial markets and to nearby Latin America.

8. Concessions offered by Governments
Freedom from US income taxes
Tax- free repatriation of profits
Free construction of industrial plants equipped with utilities
Duty- free importation of machinery
year tax holidays
(silence on the issue of low wages paid to workers in the industrial sector)

9. Industrialisation by invitation Initiatives in the caribbean
In 1947 Puerto Rico launched an industrial initiative called “Operation Bootstrap” (capital investment increased from $1.4 billion to $24 billion by 1979)
In the 1950’s Trinidad launched its industrialisation by invitation programme (natural gas manufacturing)
In the 1950’s Barbados launched “Operation Beehive” (implemented garment factories)
In the 1950’s Jamaica invited North American companies such as Reynolds, Alcan and Kaiser to mine bauxite
Industrialisation by invitation
Initiatives in the caribbean

10. ADS
Stimulated new investment in the region (e.g. Puerto Rico)
Fuel a reduction of the high unemployment situation (e.g. Barbados garment sector)
Stimulated the export sector and earn additional foreign exchange
Encouraged the establishment of manufacturing industries by Caribbean entrepreneurs
The industrialisation programme led to the full utilisation of physical resources.
DISADS
It did not create the level of employment opportunities that were envisaged.
MNC’s took advantage of the long tax holidays and low- wage regimes by moving to other destinations when the holidays were over. For example the exit of Intel and Caribbean Data Services threw many workers into absolute poverty.
created a dependence on North American capital in the Caribbean
Problems for sustainable development
Most profits were repatriated to Northern parent companies