1. EK 1B2
Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.

2. Difference between Phylogenetic Trees and Cladistics

8. Convergent Evolution
Describes the independent evolution of similar features in different species.
Example – wings

9. Different means of obtaining evidence to create Phylogenetic trees and cladograms
7 Definitions

10. Definitions
Homoplastic evolutionary changes: acquisition of a similar form or structure between species of different lineages as a result of convergent evolution
Biogeography: the study of the geographical distribution of species and their evolutionary relationships. Species appear to have colonized island habitats from mainland areas and then been modified by natural selection
Fossil Record: the fossilized remains of organisms provide a historical record of life on earth. Reveals the vast time scale over which the process of evolution has occurred

11. Homology: structures in closely-related species have been a similar underlying structure that appears to have been modified by natural selection in different environments
Analogy: Structures in distantly-related species have no similarity in underlying structure but have a similar function. These structures appear to have evolved under natural selection in similar environments.
Embryology: similarities and differences in embryological stages indicate evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Molecular biology: similarities and differences in the structures of DNA and protein indicate evolutionary relationships among organisms.

12. Phylogenic trees and cladograms are constantly being revised
New research with biological data
New mathematical and computational ideas
Current knowledge compared to emerging knowledge

13. HARDY WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
Requirements for H/W equilibrium
No mutation takes place
No migration (emigration or immigration)
Random mating
Very large population
No selection occurs (leaving more offspring than competing organisms)
If all five are met, the allele and genotypic frequencies will remain the same from generation to generation.