1. EXPANDING THE SCALE OF EXISTING EXPANDING THE SCALE OF EXISTING RE-GREENING SUCCESSES IN AFRICA’s DRYLANDS TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND INCREASE FOOD SECURITY RE-GREENING SUCCESSES IN AFRICA’s DRYLANDS TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND INCREASE FOOD SECURITY

2. Vegetation in Galma in 1975 and 2003 1975 2003

3. Farmer-managed natural regeneration in Niger  5,000,000 ha re-greened in 20 years (only labour for protection, investment in extension, no recurrent costs to governments)  200 million new trees  additional cereal production/year: 500,000 ton  2.5 million people fed  1.25 million rural households involved

4. PROCESS CATALYZED BY EXTERNAL INTERVENTION AND SPREADING THROUGH A MIX OF SPONTANEOUS ADOPTION AND FARMER-TO-FARMER EXTENSION

5. RE-GREENING = INCREASING THE NUMBER OF ON-FARM TREES PRODUCES MULTIPLE IMPACTS ☺ SOIL ORGANIC MATTER/SOIL FERTILITY ☺ FODDER FOR LIVESTOCK ☺ FOOD SECURITY ☺ HOUSEHOLD ENERGY ☺ COMPLEX FARMING SYSTEMS ☺ VALUE CHAINS ☺ NUTRITION ☺ ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE ☺ CARBON SEQUESTRATION ☺ BIODIVERSITY

6. YOUNG COMBRETUM GLUTINOSUM PRODUCES TONS OF LITTER AND NO TRANSPORT

7. FAIDHERBIA ALBIDA IMPROVES SOIL FERTILITY AND PRODUCES FODDER

8. YOUNG DIVERSE ON-FARM FOREST ON MALI’S SENO PLAINS

9. NIGER: LIVESTOCK DEPENDS 6 MONTHS/YEAR ON TREE FODDER AND THEY CAN BE AN AGENT OF RE-GREENING

10. TURN DOWN THE HEAT

11. Grain surplus Kantché Department (Zinder/Niger). 350,000 inhabitants; high on-farm tree density  2007+ 21,230 ton  2008+ 36,838 ton  2009+ 28,122 ton  2010+ 64,208 ton  2011+ 13,818 ton Source: National Committee for the Prevention and Management of Food Crises and FEWS Quoted by: Yamba and sambo (2012)

12. IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE RE-GREENING SUCCESSES AND USE THEM AS TRAINING GROUND FOR EXPANSION A. WORKING AT THE GRASSROOTS 1.ORGANIZE FARMER-TO-FARMER VISITS 2.FARMER EXPERTS TRAIN OTHER FARMERS 3.SUPPORT OR DEVELOP VILLAGE INSTITUTIONS 4.AGF COMPETITIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS 5.DEVELOP A MOVEMENT OF CSOs and NGOs AND BUILD THEIR CAPACITY TO PROMOTE REGREENING TOOLS FOR SCALING UP EXISTING SUCCESSES

13. B. BOTTOM-UP MEETS TOP DOWN 6. ADAPT NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AND FORESTRY LEGISLATION 7. MAINSTREAM RE-GREENING INTO EXISTING AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS 8. ORGANIZE FIELD VISITS FOR NATIONAL POLICYMAKERS 9. CREATE A PRESIDENTIAL AWARD FOR THE BEST AGROFORESTRY VILLAGE

14. C. DEVELOP A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 10. USE THE MASSMEDIA TO INFORM FARMERS AND HERDERS WITH INNOVATORS SHARING THEIR KNOWLEDGE 11. LINK ICT, RADIO AND MOBILE PHONES (A WEB OF SPEECH) 12. PRODUCE DOCUMENTARIES FOR NATIONAL TV

15. 13. ORGANIZE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL EXPERIENCE SHARING WORKSHOPS 14. MOBILIZE AFRICAN CHAMPIONS TO PROMOTE RE-GREENING BY FARMERS 15. MOBILIZE INTERNATIONAL MEDIA 16. DEVELOP ADVOCACY AT ALL LEVELS

16. D. THE ROLE OF THE MARKET IN SCALING UP 17. SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGROFORESTRY VALUE CHAINS 18. INDUCE/SUPPORT THE PRIVATE SECTOR TO DEVELOP INPUT AND OUTPUT MARKETS

17. IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE RE-GREENING SUCCESSES.

18. Large-scale farmer-managed re-greening on Mali’s Seno Plains

20. 1990 AGROFORESTRY AS CO-BENEFIT OF WATER HARVESTING 2004 Demi lunes Combretum glutinosum Zaï Techniques simples Piliostigma reticulatum Impacts importants

21. A. WORKING AT THE GRASSROOTS

22. 1. Farmer to farmer study visits Local, between regions and between countries

23. FARMERS IN KAFFRINE (SENEGAL), WHO VISITED MARADI (NIGER)

24. 2.FARMER EXPERTS TRAIN OTHER FARMERS

25. 3. Support the development of village institutions for the management of tree capital

28. 4. Develop agroforestry competitions at different levels

29. 5. DEVELOP A MOVEMENT OF CSOs AND NGOs AND BUILD THEIR CAPACITY

30. B. TOP-DOWN MEETS BOTTOM-UP

31. 6. ADAPT NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AND FORESTRY LEGISLATION IN SUCH A WAY THAT THEY INDUCE FARMERS TO INVEST IN TREES CHALLENGES: AGROFORESTRY IS OFTEN IGNORED BY RELEVANT MINISTRIES FORESTRY LEGISLATION DOES NOT RECOGNIZE FARMER’S RIGHTS TO ON-FARM TREES NATURAL REGENERATION IS LOW COST

32. 7.MAINSTREAM RE-GREENING INTO EXISTING AND NEW AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

33. 8. FIELD VISITS BY POLICYMAKERS

34. 9. CREATE A PRESIDENTIAL AWARD FOR THE BEST AGROFORESTRY VILLAGE

35. C. DEVELOP A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY

36. 10. USE MASSMEDIA TO INFORM FARMERS AND HERDERS

37. NIGER TV NEWS SHOWS VISIT DELEGATION FROM NIGERIA TO RE-GREENING IN SOUTHERN NIGER

38. 11. LINK ICT, RADIO AND MOBILE PHONES (WEB OF SPEECH)

39. 12. PRODUCE DOCUMENTARIES FOR TV

40. 13. ORGANIZE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL EXPERIENCE-SHARING WORKSHOPS

41. 14. MOBILIZE AFRICAN CHAMPIONS

44. 15. MOBILIZE INTERNATIONAL MEDIA (NEW YORKER MAGAZINE)

45. 16. DEVELOP ADVOCACY AT ALL LEVELS PRESENTATION AT THE PRESIDENCY ETHIOPIA

46. 17. SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGROFORESTRY VALUE CHAINS (e.g. MORINGA OLEIFERA IN NIGER)

47. 18. SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF INPUT – OUTPUT MARKETS

48. CONSTRAINTS TO SCALING RE-GREENING BY FARMERS NO INCENTIVES IN CURRENT FORESTRY LAWS THE CURRENT AGRICULTURAL MODERNISATION PARADIGM DISCOURAGES INVESTMENT IN ON-FARM TREES LAND TENURE, PRIVATISATION, INCREASING INEQUALITY, LAND GRAB CONFLICTS IN VILLAGES

49. HERDERS NEED TO BE INVOLVED IN VILLAGE INSTITUTIONS AND TRAINED IN TREE MANAGEMENT

50. “TREES ARE OUR BACKBONE” (FARMERS IN TIGRAY) AGROFORESTRY IS THE PILLAR OF AGRICULTURE IN DRYLANDS BUT AGROFORESTRY ALONE IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO ENSURE FOOD SECURITY

51. Water harvesting Agroforestry Micro-dosing + + CROP YIELDS CAN BE DOUBLED BY INTEGRATING A SET OF PROVEN TECHNOLOGIES

52. OUR MAJOR CHALLENGE: PROMOTE RE-GREENING TO IMPROVE THE LIVELIHOODS OF MILLIONS OF RESOURCE USERS

53. COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS ARE MOST WELCOME Chris.Reij@wri.org C.P.Reij@vu.nl