1. Chapter 3 Native Texans

2. Section 1 Ancient Texans
First peoples migrated from Siberia along the land bridge crossing the Bering Strait
How do we know who the people are or how they got here?
Archaeologists- study evidence of past civilizations
Artifacts- bones, baskets, shells, tools

3. Hunting for food Stone Age- 10,000+ years ago
Hunting large animals – mastodon, mammoth, bison
Followed herds of animals
Atlatl
Flint tipped spears
Archaic Age years ago
Hunted smaller game, warmer temps, tools of stone and bone.
Hunted and gathered – not so nomadic but still roamed

4. Hunters to Farmers Central American Indians first to grow food
100 AD Texans adopted this method
How does farming change a culture?
Increase in population due to the availability of food
Nomadic living in the past
Villages can grow
Complex societies/governments/religious activities

5. Cultures Emerge
Cultures- groups of people expressing and conducting themselves
Southeastern
Gulf
Pueblo
Plains

6. Section 2 Southeastern and Gulf Cultures
All early people believed that spirits caused major earth catastrophes as well as the changes in seasons
Humans and animals could communicate
Harmonious with the Earth
Some peaceful by nature some warring

7. SE farmers and gathers Caddos
24 groups make up their confederacy
In Texas groups were matrilineal
Government
Headed by 2 leaders
War and peace leader and religious leader
Men and women held positions in govt.
Most productive agriculturally and most numerous
Farmers and great fishermen
Lived in permanent villages- dome shaped
Warring nation

8. Coahuiltecans
South Texas Plain- nomadic but stayed in the South Texas Plain
Bows and arrows
Hunted javelina, deer, bison, worms lizards and plants when times were tough!
Dried plants to use as flour
Women took care of camp- men hunted
Shamans-people believed to have power to summon spirits…
Many died from European diseases

9. Where they lived…

10. Karankawas
Gulf Coast
Built camps and gathered foods and hunted deer, bears and buffalo
Moved to the ocean in the winter
Dugout canoes-prized possession
Made pottery and baskets and they were waterproofed with tar
Mid 1800’s most were dead or displaced by settlers

11. The Wichita
Prairies and oak timberlands- Dallas/Ft. Worth, Waco and Wichita Falls home
Village dwellers resembled Caddo
Women held positions of leadership
Got along well with FRENCH, but fought all other settlers
Forced to give up lands

12. Section 3 Pueblo and Plains Cultures
Jumanos - plains
Hunting buffalo and trading throughout Texas
Middleman between Eastern Indians and Western Indians
Traded corn, squash for animal skins and meat and pigments and turquoise
Striped face tattoos, unique hair cut

13. Territories

14. Jumanos Some lived close to Rio Grande from El Paso to Big Bend
Farmers- used irrigation
Raised corn, squash beans
Cacti and mesquite beans when
times were lean
Homes were large and made of adobe
Fought Apache to keep territory, but Apache won
When Spanish explored Texas they had mostly disappeared

15. Tiguas Live in present day El Paso
Matrilineal- home and land belong to wife’s people
Today it is traced thru the males family

16. Plains Cultures
Plains Indian's life's changed with the introduction of horses
Spaniards introduced horses around 1500
Became outstanding hunters and warriors
Buffalo played a major part in their lives

17. Tonkawas 1600’s arrival- lived by Austin and some in coastal plains
Buffalo was main choice of food, but few roamed in their area. Apaches and Comanches competed for buffalo
Lost many to warring with other nations and white man

18. Apache Ancestors from far north Mescaleros and Lipans lived in Texas
Lipans were warring a nation fighting the Spanish and Comanches
Eventually moved to west Texas to be with Mescaleros

19. Comanches Lived in prairies, plateaus and plains of west Texas
Comancheria- their territory- stretched from Mexico, TX, Kansas, OK, Colorado and NM
Divided into groups in which older men lead them and all groups must
agree before a decision is made- like a
democracy

20. Comanche Life Hunting and war Bear, elk, antelope, buffalo
Hunters would surround buffalo on horseback forcing them to move in a circle then used bow and arrows to kill
Ate meat and dried it for later – pemmican
Fought to control comancheria and took over Apache land and took enemies horses- highly prized

21. Kiowa Ally-friend- of the Comanche
Teepee- homes of tanned hide easy to move
- Plains Indians could move in 30 minutes if they had to.
Valued their homes, horse and buffalo
Buffalo provided everything to the Plains Indians-food, clothing, needles, water bottles (bladders), horns for making spoons and other utensils, glue
Like all other Indian groups they were forced to move to the reservation.
Like all other Indian groups they also had advanced societies and languages and kept histories by painting on buffalo hides