1. Summary of Transport Application of the SRA draft, version December 2004 H2/FC TP SRA - Transport Applications Applications Fuel Cell System Technical Targets Key subsystem development Hydrogen Storage Research Strategy & budget priorities R. v. Helmolt, Adam Opel AG, Fuel Cell Activities

2. Summary of Transport Application of the SRA draft, version December 2004 Applications Ground Transportation Air Transportation Marine Transportation Propulsion: Focus on Direct H2 Passenger Cars City Busses On-Board Power Generation (APU) Hydrocarbon Fuels Direct H2

3. Summary of Transport Application of the SRA draft, version December 2004 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles in 2015 Fuel Cell System Technical Targets Focus on PEM Fuel Cell System Robust: Freeze-Start capable and -25°C/+45°C Operation Efficient: > 40 % in NEDC Vehicle Range > 400 km Durable: > 5000 hours Compact and Lightweight: 1,5 kg/kW and 1,5 l/kW (w/o electric drive and storage) Cost Projection: 100 EUR / kW for production of 150.000 units/year Buses: moderate system dynamics, but durability > 10000 h

4. Summary of Transport Application of the SRA draft, version December 2004 Other Transport Applications Ships, Forklift Trucks, Wheelchairs with similar targets on Dynamics and Power Density Benchmarking to Conventional Systems: Efficiency is main Advantage Power levels 5 kW - 100 kW Auxillary Power vehicles, defense systems, marine and aeronautic application Use of liquid fuel requires Compact and Efficient Reformer Hydrogen ICE Vehicles with > 22 % Efficiency

5. Summary of Transport Application of the SRA draft, version December 2004 Key subsystem development Fuel Cell Stack: Focus on MEA as Key Component Lower Pt content in the catalyst: 1 mg/cm² Increase Areal Power Density: 1 W/cm² Develop new Membrane: Operating Temperature up to 120 °C Low humidification effort: < 10% rel. gas humidity Polymer membrane cost < 20 EUR / m² Series manufacturing and Recycling for high-volume scenario PEFC System Components Air compressor with high efficiency, dynamic and quiet operation Reformer Systems Targets are high efficiency (>75%), low emissions ( 1,5 kW/l and kg) and durability (6000h) SOFC stack for APU Hydrogen ICE

6. Summary of Transport Application of the SRA draft, version December 2004 Major Cross-cutting Issue: Energy Storage Hydrogen Storage Essential for Transportation Applications. Energy Density Target: > 2 kWh/l and 2 kWh/h Liquid Hydrogen Storage: Highest Energy Density, but Boil-off Losses High-Pressure Hydrogen Storage up to 700 bar Hydrogen Storage in solid-state comounds might be future solution Alternative Liquid Fuel & On-Board reforming considered only second in ranking due to slow progress in efficiency, emissions and complexity. Earlier introduction in niche markets as for APU application is however possible.

7. Summary of Transport Application of the SRA draft, version December 2004 Research Strategy 2005 - 2015 and Recommendation Advance Fuel Cell Technology towards Commercial Viability Highest priority for PEM Stack Components, as these are major cost drivers and require most Innovation and R&D effort Introduce new and improved materials and technologies suitable for high-volume Production Guide R&D by Application-Oriented Requirements and promote cooperation of research institutes with according Industry who should derive those requirements from system specification Verify Subsystems in Suitable Application (like hybrid) for practical experience Use Hydrogen-ICE to promote infrastructure and local emission reduction

8. Summary of Transport Application of the SRA draft, version December 2004 Year 1 - 5Year 6 - 10 PEM Stack (Membrane, Catalyst, other) 42 %18 % SOFC for Transportation4 % Reformer Systems8 % PEM System Components (Air supply, E-Drive) 14 %8 % System Integration Verification 18 %16 % 8 % Verification Program---22 % Basic research and crosscuttings 16 % Research budget priorities for transportation applications