1. Using Herbicides Safely Around Woody Plants Off-site Movement of Herbicides 2013 Washington State Weed Conference By: Paula Dinius, Urban Horticulturist WSU Chelan County Extension

2. Fate of Herbicides after Application Image source: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2006/3028/pdf/fs2006-3028.pdf

3. Using Herbicides Around Trees & Shrubs Mechanisms of Off-site Herbicide Movement Symptoms of Herbicide Injury Case Studies

4. Using Herbicides Around Trees & Shrubs Plant injury is usually caused by not following label directions. ◦Using around sensitive plants ◦Improper rate or method of application ◦Spraying during adverse weather conditions ◦Over/under irrigation

5. Using Herbicides Around Trees &Shrubs Off-site movement is when any herbicide misses or moves from the intended treatment area.

6. Mechanisms of Off-Site Movement Movement via air ◦Volatilization - vapor ◦Drift – droplet and granule dust Movement via soil water ◦Leaching ◦Run-off

7. Off-site Movement ~ Volatilization High temperatures + low humidity = gas (vapor) Fumes travel for long distances Herbicide can volatilize right off plant or soil Dependent on molecular weight of herbicide

8. Off-Site Movement Drift ~ Droplet Droplet drift is affected by Weather conditions ◦Wind speed and direction ◦Temperature and humidity Droplet size ◦Nozzle type, size & height ◦Spray pressure Carrier ◦Type and volume http://www.ent.iastate.edu/images/misc/spraynozzles.jpg

9. Influence of Droplet Size on Potential Distance of Drift Droplet Diameter (Microns) Type of Droplet Time Required to Fall 10 ft. Lateral Distance Droplets Travel Falling 10 ft. in 3 mph winds 5Fog 66 min. 3 miles 20 Very fine spray 4.2 min. 1,100 ft. 100 Fine spray 10 sec. 44 ft. 240 Medium spray 6 sec. 28 ft. 400 Coarse spray 2 sec. 8.5 ft. 1,000 Fine rain 1 sec. 4.7 ft. Source - University of North Dakota

10. Off-site Movement Drift ~ Dust/Granular Dust and Granular Formulations ◦Dust can drift farther and for longer duration than liquid. ◦Granular have less drift potential due to pellet size/weight. Image source: http://www.abc.net.au/news/image/997708-3x2-940x627.jpg

11. Wind Speed Indicators Drift Potential Field ObservationProbable Wind Speed (mph) Smoke rises, air motionless0 Smoke drifts, air rises1-3 Leaves quietly rustle4-7 Leaves and twigs move8-12 Branches move13-18 Small trees sway19-24 Large branches move25-31 Whole trees move32-38 Source: Herbicide Application Handbook. 2003. Monsanto

12. Chronic Exposure to Phenoxy Herbicide Drift (Dicamba, 2,4-D, MCPP, etc.) Buffer Strip

13. Off-Site Movement ~ Soil Water Leaching ◦Vertical Run-off ◦Horizontal

14. Off-site Movement ~ Leaching & Run-off Rainfall or irrigation water can move herbicides down through or off the soil. Potential depends on: ◦Solubility of herbicide ◦Adsorption to soil particles ◦Persistence of herbicide ◦Soil texture and structure ◦Amount and frequency of rainfall/irrigation

15. Herbicide Movement in Soil Herbicide Characteristics ◦Solubility: Highly soluble herbicides are more likely to run-off or leach Image source: http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/171solublesalts.html

16. Herbicide Water Solubility PesticideSolubility (mg/l) Dichlobenil (Casoron) 21.2 Benefin (Balan) 0.1 Glyphosate (Round-up) 900,000 2,4 - D dimethyamine 796,000 Pendimethalin (Prowl) 0.275 Dicamba salt (Banvel) 400,000 Oryzalin (Surflan) 0.7 Trifluralin (Treflan) 0.3 Isoxaben (Gallery) 1.0 Picloram (Tordon) 200,000 Source: OSU Extension Pesticide Properties Database No endorsement of products intended, used for example purpose only.

17. Herbicide Movement in Soil Herbicide Characteristics Absorbency – vegetation uptake Adsorbency – binding of a chemical to soil particles

18. Herbicide Movement in Soil Herbicide Characteristics ◦Persistence = resistance to breakdown in soil. (Half-life of herbicide in the soil)  Degradation occurs mainly in O & A Horizon  Factors influencing degradation : ◦ Microbes ◦ Soil chemical reactions ◦ Sunlight/temperature Image source: http://jupiter.plymouth.edu/~sci_ed/Turski/Courses/Earth_Science/soil_profile_diag.jpg http://jupiter.plymouth.edu/~sci_ed/Turski/Courses/Earth_Science/soil_profile_diag.jpg

19. Persistence in Soil ChemicalHalf-life in MonthsHalf-life in Days Dicamba (Banvel)2 – 660 - 120 Dichlobenil (Casoron)4 – 12120 - 360 Glyphosate (Roundup)130 Pendimethalin (Prowl)3 – 690 - 180 Picloram (Tordon)6 - 18180 - 540 Trifluralin (Treflan)6 - 12180 - 360 2,4-D (Weedar 64)130 Oryzalin (Surflan)<120 Benefin (Balan)1.540 Isoxaben (Gallery)2 - 360 - 90 Source: http://npic.orst.edu/ingred/ppdmove.htm No endorsement of products intended, used for example purpose only.

20. Herbicide Movement in Soil Herbicide Movement in Soil Soil Profile Herbicide Characteristics (Ad)Sorption Coefficient:

21. Image source: http://turfgrass.cas.psu.edu/education/turgeon/Modules/11_WeedManagement/Herbicide_Fate/Content/HF16.html

22. Herbicide Movement in Soil Soil Characteristics Soil texture:  Sandy soils much more prone to leaching.  Compacted clay soils are prone to runoff.  Well aggregated loamy soils reduce herbicide movement. Image source: www.nj.nrcs.usda.gov/

23. Herbicide Movement in Soil Soil Characteristics Organic matter: Soils high in OM have:  Increased microbial activity  Greater water holding capacity  Greater adsorption capacity Image source: http://echezabalperiod2.wikispaces.com/file/view/Euplotespha-Ciliate_Protozoa-by_Ralf_Schmode.jpg; &http://echezabalperiod2.wikispaces.com/file/view/Euplotespha-Ciliate_Protozoa-by_Ralf_Schmode.jpg http://www.teachengineering.org/view_activity.php?url=collection/nyu_/activities/nyu_permeability/nyu_permeability_activity1.xml

24. Herbicide Movement in Soil Site Characteristics Slope: Greater the slope, greater potential of herbicide movement

25. Awareness of Root Systems

26. Herbicide Movement in Soil National Pesticide Information Center ◦OSU Extension Pesticide Properties Database ◦Based on Solubility, Koc, and Half-life ◦Pesticide Movement Rating  Very high – Very low http://npic.orst.edu/ingred/ppdmove.htm

27. National Pesticide Information Center ◦Pesticide Movement Rating ◦ Pendimethalin (Prowl) = Very low ◦ Dichlobenil (Casoron) = Moderate ◦ Oryzalin (Surflan) = Low ◦ 2,4 –D amine (Weedar 64) = Moderate ◦ Isoxaben (Gallery) = Low ◦ Dicamba (Banvel) = Very high ◦ Picloram (Tordon) = Very high ◦ Glyphosate (Roundup) = Extremely low ◦ Benefin (Balan) = Extremely low Herbicide Movement in Soil Source http://npic.orst.edu/ingred/ppdmove.htmhttp://npic.orst.edu/ingred/ppdmove.htm

28. Herbicide Injury Symptoms

29. Seedling Growth Inhibitor Herbicides Root & Shoot ~ Stunting & Distortion Newly planted woody plants ◦Root tips enlarge into rounded structures and shoots can swell and be stunted. Established woody plants ◦Stems enlarge and become brittle http://extension.agron.iastate.edu/soyb ean/http://extension.agron.iastate.edu/soyb ean/documents/herbicideinjury_05.pdf

30. Seedling Growth Inhibitor Herbicides Root & Shoot Inhibitors ◦Benefin – Balan ◦Pendimethalin – Pendulum, Prowl ◦Trifluralin – Treflan ◦Oryzalin – Surflan ◦Isoxaben – Gallery ◦Prodiamine – Barricade Trifluralin damage to spruce

31. Growth Regulator Herbicides Malformed or Distorted ~ Leaves or Shoots Systemic herbicides Symptoms usually on new growth Leaf cupping, twisting or strapping of leaves, splitting or cracking of bark Prone to drift and can move with leading edge of soil water. Dicamba damage on Linden

32. Growth Regulator Herbicides 2,4-D, MCPP, MCPA Dicamba Triclopyr, picloram, clopyralid Dicamba/2,4-D Damage on Pin Oak

33. Phenoxy Damage on Conifers Phenoxy Damage on Conifers 2,4-D damage to pine & fir Invasive.org, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ArchiveInvasive.org, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Archive,

34. Phenoxy Growth Regulator Herbicide ◦Irregular contours herbicide damage on honey locust trunk (2,4-D, Dicamba, MCPP, etc.)

35. Herbicide Injury Symptoms Leaf Chlorosis or Necrosis Inhibition of photosynthesis causes various patterns of chlorosis. Pre-emergence systemic herbicides absorbed by roots translocated to leaves. Post emergent systemic Symptoms more severe on side of herbicide placement. Glyphosate damage

36. Leaf Chlorosis or Necrosis Herbicide At high rates, necrosis can occur without chlorosis. Symptoms may persist for more than a year. Symptoms may be confused with salt burn, drought, or freeze damage. Picloram damage to maple

37. Diuron = Karmex Diruon + bromacil = Krovar Imazapyr = Arsenal Diquat and paraquat = Ortho Diquat, Reward Oxyfluorfen = Goal Paraquat Damage on Pecan; Krovar damage on Zelkova http://www.caes.uga.edu/commodities/fruits/pecan/media/images/paraquatdamage2.JPG Leaf Chlorosis or Necrosis Herbicides

38. Distorted Growth and Chlorosis Glyphosate damage (sublethal dose) ◦Chlorosis to necrosis ◦Shortened internodes ◦Stunted growth ◦Witches broom effect ◦Loss of apical dominance ◦Branch dieback Glyphosate Damage on Rose

39. Case Studies Dichlobenil Picloram Trifluralin

40. Dichlobenil (Casoron) and the Flowering Cherry Trees

41. Flowering Cherry Tree Casoron Damage

42. Picloram and the Curb Cleaner

44. Trifluralin and the Conifer Conundrum

47. Summary Always Thoroughly Read & Follow All Pesticide Label Directions Study present & future weather conditions ◦Temperature ◦Wind speed & direction ◦Humidity ◦Rainfall Study plants found in surrounding area ◦Identify species ◦Tree and shrub root zone area ◦Slope Choose herbicide to fit site conditions with considerations of potential movement

48. Sources Washington State University. 2002. Turf & Ornamental Weed Management Principles. MISC0170 Washington & Oregon State University & University of Idaho. 2005. Pacific Northwest Weed Management Handbook. Starbuck, Chris. 1998. Turfgrass Research & Information Report. University of Missouri-Columbia Turfgrass Research. http://agebb.missouri.edu/pdc/turf/report98/sesen.htm http://agebb.missouri.edu/pdc/turf/report98/sesen.htm Cornell University. 1983. Dicamba (Banvel) Herbicide Profile 10/83. http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/herb-growthreg/ http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/herb-growthreg/ Dexter A.G. 1993. Herbicide Spray Drift A-657 (Revised). North Dakota State University & University of Minnesota http://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/plantsci/weeds/a657w.htm http://www.ext.nodak.edu/extpubs/plantsci/weeds/a657w.htm Ohio State University. Newsletter. Do “Drift Retardant” Chemicals Really Work? C.O.R.N. 2000 – 14. http://netc2000.tamu.edu/abstracts/tx009/paper/~corn/archive/2000/may00/00- 15.html#linkg http://netc2000.tamu.edu/abstracts/tx009/paper/~corn/archive/2000/may00/00- 15.html#linkg Costello, Perry, Matheny, Henry, & Geisel. 2003. University of California. Abiotic Disorders of Landscape Plants A diagnostic Guide. Publ. 3420. Sinclair, Lyon. & Johnson.1987. Cornell University. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs Voge, Derle, and Jenkins. 1994. Oregon State University Extension. OSU Extension Pesticide properties Database. National Pesticide Information Center. http://npic.orst.edu/ingred/ppdmove.htm http://npic.orst.edu/ingred/ppdmove.htm