1. ~ JAYDEN SMITH ~ The Revolutions of 1848

2. How They Started and Why They Failed Immediate successes turned into quick disasters Minorities fought each other  Hungarians toward Austria, but refused their own Two Reasons Stand Out:  Unity of revolutionaries made them possible, but divisions shattered their success  Working classes worked hard to succeed, but were given no suffrage

4. Another French Revolution Industrial and agricultural depression weighed on the 3 rd Estate Louis-Philippe’s government refused to change Adolphe Thiers  Radical leader, fought for reform, ran when forbade to gather Provisional Govt. set up  Constituent Assembly by male suffrage  Socialist Louis Blanc  Workers fight government…lose badly Second Republic elects Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

5. Germanic Revolution Revolutionary cries for change  King Frederick William IV answers the cries Frankfurt Assembly by male suffrage  Fight over “Big German” and “Small German”  Frederick William IV refuses to be “emperor of the Germans” and the delegates go home German liberals failed to create a German state

6. Upheavals in Austrian Empire Hungarian liberals under Louis Kossuth wanted “commonwealth” status Revolutionary forces take capital Vienna  Constituent Assembly and liberal constitution Hungary has only tie to Austria by Habsburg allegiance Ferdinand I waits, then strikes and retakes Vienna  Abdicates to nephew Francis Joseph I to restore imperial govt.  Kossuth holds his own, then Russia steps in to win

7. Revolts in Italian States Italy’s “risorgimento” leadership goes to Guiseppe Mazzini  Nationalist who aimed at a united Italian republic Cristina Belgioioso  Fled to Paris and started a newspaper for Italian unification Rebellions began as ruler after ruler granted new constitutions  Charles Albert fought Austrian domination Counterrevolutionary forces and rulers recovered power