1. MACAO-VLTI Adaptive Optics
4/6/2017
Other Contributors:
L. Close,
J. Brynnel,
J. Farinato,
E. Brunetto,
S. Stroebele,
R. Reiss,
E. Marchetti,
D. Bonaccini Calia
T. Craven-Bartle,
M. Comin,
T. Phan Duc,
Wallanders …
R. Arsenault, R. Donaldson, C. Dupuy, E. Fedrigo, M. Kasper, N. Hubin, B. Delabre, S. Oberti, J. Paufique, L. Ivanescu, S. Tordo, S. Rossi, A. Silber, J.-L. Lizon, P. Gigan, M. Quattri
20th AO ESO

2. MACAO-VLTI: How it started… Challenges…
4/6/2017
MACAO-VLTI: How it started… Challenges…
Low cost - reliable – easy to operate AO system
Polyvalent: feed VLTI, CRIRES, SPIFFI…
Few curvature system in world (IoA Hawaii, CFHT)
Believers/Architects: F. Roddier, G. Monnet, F. Rigaut
AO Group restructure 1999
Fast track !!! (thanks to team !)
(FDR-4th Macao: 4 yrs)
Low Maintenance - easy to operate
(automatic: guide str mag. & seeing LUT)
Understand Curvature system…
Detailed simulations & test in Europe
Piston Spec.
New for AO systems; no real time feedback; open loop process…
DM mech. decoupled from WFS
M8 location 5m above WFS !!! Decoupled structure

3. MACAO-VLTI: Milestones & Requirements
4/6/2017
MACAO-VLTI: Milestones & Requirements
Design Reviews:
System Deliveries:
Strehl Ratio:
Piston from DM < :
Residual Jitter < 10 mas
Off-axis guiding
On-line diagnosis
Chopping
V < 9
50%
V = 14.5
35%
V = 15.5
10%
Concept Des. Rev.
Sept. 99
Prelim. Des. Rev.
Oct. 00
Final Des. Rev.
March 01
2.5 yr !
Tip-Tilt Boxes (2)
Nov. 01
MACAO#2 (UT2)
Apr. 03
MACAO#3 (UT3)
Aug. 03
MACAO#4 (UT4)
Aug. 04
MACAO#1 (UT1)
Mar. 05
25 nm RMS
Window 48 msec
125 nm RMS
Window 290 msec
2 mm PV
Window 10 min
Allowed VLTI to combine UT2-UT3 using tilt corrected beams (STRAP-M2)

4. MACAO-VLTI: System Characteristics
60 elements Curvature System (vibrating membrane, micro-lenses, Bimorph DM and Tip-Tilt mount)
2.1 kHz drive membrane mirror
AO loop 420 Hz, (bandwidth ~35 Hz)
PowerPC 400 MHz Real Time Computer
WaveFrontSensor detector: APD coupled with Opt. Fibers
Modular approach (4 VLTI+SINFONI/CRIRES+spares)
X-Y Table allows reference source selection off-axis
(Strap quadrant detector tip-tilt sensor+) TCCD
Electronics: VLTI-RTC-IC LCU’s, XYTab., DM Amplifiers, APD Racks,
High Level Eng. GUI + Observing Software

5. MACAO-VLTI: Deformable Mirror Wavefront Corrector
CILAS Bimorphe DM
+/- 400 Volt
100 mm pupil (150mm full size)
60 electrodes
40 intra-pupil
20 extra-pupil (tilt)
Up to 1.2” seeing
Deformable Mirror
Tip-Tilt mount

6. MACAO-VLTI: WaveFront Sensor & APD Cabinet
Beam Switching Device
(STRAP)
TCCD
T-mount on
XY table
APD Cabinet

7. MACAO-VLTI: Fiber Bundle
Heptagon Micro-Lens
Microfab Micro-Lens

8. MACAO-VLTI: Optics WFS Optics Functions
Membrane vibration for curvature sensing (2.1 kHz)
Beam collimation
Pupil enlargment (14  18 mm)
Pupil imaging on Lenslet
Pupil centering on Lenslet
Pupil de-rotation
CRITICAL
Rotating prism axis
Gimball tilt

9. MACAO-VLTI: Industries
Applied Physics Specialties, Ltd. 17 Prince Andrew Place Don Mills, Ontario M3C 2H2 Canada
DR. SCHÜTTEN GmbH
Dr.-Ing. Rudolf Schütten
(Geschäftsführer)
Frauenfelderstr. 95
CH-9548 Matzingen
Shaktiware

10. MACAO-VLTI: Lab Tests Optical Table in Lab. 038
Simulated f/47 Coude beam
Phase screens & turbulence generator
DM in optical beam
WFS mounted under opt. table
RASOIR IR test camera

11. MACAO-VLTI: Paranal Installation
Five (5) comm. (inclu. TTB) from Dec.’01 to Mar.05
Required >140 man-day/comm, 20 k € /comm transport, 15 k € overtime
Shipment/comm: 10 crates, 3 tons, 15 m3, value 1.4 M€
All together ~8 staff monopolized for 1.5 months
Preparation: Hand & power tools, handling tools, books, docum., laptops, soft …
Lots of constraints before scheduled dates (calibr., scien. op. etc.)
Paranal overloaded with operation Limited Paranal prep. before arrival; but outstanding response once there
Heavy toll on staff (assume 2wks off after comm. or “low-profile”); one wk – 10 days on sky about limit of exhaustion!
Data reduction & Comm. Report prep. and writing not evaluated yet (2-3 wk/staff ?!) + Documentation to provide…
The Right stuff!

12. MACAO-VLTI: Components Location
Azimuth Cabinet
HVA, TTM elec., capa. RO
M8 Well
TTM, DM, Capa. FE, DM mask
Coude Room
WFS box
IC/XY Cab.
RTC/VLTI Cab.
APD Cab.
Cooling
Coude
focus

13. MACAO-VLTI: Calibrations
4/6/2017
MACAO-VLTI: Calibrations
Membrane Mirror Stroke Calibration
RoC vs Volt; FOV of WFS for given RoC and Tilt
Membrane Mirror Phaselag Calibration
Use tilt signal; for which phaselag curv =0; add 180º
Interaction Matrices Calibration
~6 matrices for different RoC; interpolation to cover whole range
DM Flattening (close loop with low gains; re-iterate)
Influence Functions (Piston; laboratory)
DM shape+Capa. Sensor (OPD offset); DM non-linearity
See paper on Calibrations Oberti, Bonnet, Fedrigo et al.
See paper on Piston Ivanescu, Arsenault, Fedrigo et al.
Worry about DM far from WFS
After install and work in Coude LOTS of turbulence
Beginning of night some turbulence
Middle of night after good ventilation rock steady !!!

14. MACAO-VLTI System Description
Coude Room View
Front: ITC rack, M9 tower, Macao on XY table
Back: Elec. Cab, APD rack, FOB, M9 cooling, SCP
(For system description see Arsenault et al., 2003, SPIE 4839, p.174)
Test Bench & Turbulence Generator

15. MACAO-VLTI Performance: Results on UT2
HIC V=10Sep ” Seeing 0.75”
5 x 5 arcsec2 K-band image of "Frosty Leo" obtained in 0.7 arcsec seeing. V~ 11, difficult AO target because 3 arcsec in size at visible wavelengths. The corrected image quality is about FWHM 0.1 arcsec.
Open-loop
Close-loop
90-second K-band exposure of the central 6 x 13 arcsec2 around the Galactic Center obtained by under average atmospheric conditions (0.8 arcsec seeing). Although the 14.6 magnitude guide star is located roughly 20 arcsec from the field center the present image has a point-source FWHM of about arcsec.

16. MACAO-VLTI: Results UT3
Mars image taken in August 8th 2003
Some ~20 mosaic images in K band
Reference source: Deimos
WFS offsets
(excellent “exercise” for MACAO-VLTI functionalities)
(thanks to MKA & STO)
Neptune H band image
Planet disk used for guiding (f=3”)
Smallest features ~0.067”

17. MACAO-VLTI: Results on UT3 Interferometry
Calibrator fringes HD20356 with 2 MACAO’s on UT2-UT3 November ‘03
1st fringes with 2 MACAO’s on UT2-UT
Flux injected in VINCI fibers (beam combiner) versus MACAO-VLTI main loop gain. Approximately 50 times more flux injected with MACAO than with tip-tilt correction alone.

18. MACAO-VLTI: Results UT4 Tilt Correction
4/6/2017
MACAO-VLTI: Results UT Tilt Correction
Nasmyth A/R failed;
Exchanged with UT1
Bad Active correction first; MKA wants to correct it all with MACAO !!!

19. MACAO-VLTI Performance: Strehl Rogue Gallery
4/6/2017
MACAO-VLTI Performance: Strehl Rogue Gallery
mv= Seeing=0.8”
Sr(K)=57% texp.= 0.2s
mv= Seeing=0.5”
Sr(K)=63% texp.= 0.2s
BEST
Mv= Seeing=0.8”
Sr(K)=65% texp.= 64s
mv= Seeing=0.6”
Sr(K)=45% texp.=0.5s
FWHM= 66 mas
mv= Seeing=0.6” Sr(K)=26% texp.= 0.5s
FWHM= 89mas
mv= Seeing=0.55”
Sr(K)=26% texp.=0.2s

20. MACAO-VLTI Performance: Strehl versus V magnitude
4/6/2017
MACAO-VLTI Performance: Strehl versus V magnitude
Legend:
Pink diamonds: VLTI specifications
Blue curve: Computer simulations
Red Curve: Test Bench (lab.) measurements
Brown dots (error bars): Sky data on UT2 (April’03; lower limit ‘cause seeing > spec.)
Black squares: Sky data on UT3 (August’03)
Red dash-dot line: open loop strehl
Strehl ratio versus guide star magnitude

21. MACAO-VLTI Performance: Piston-control freq. influence
4/6/2017
MACAO-VLTI Performance: Piston-control freq. influence
Piston Removal:
a)Determine piston mode
b)Given act. V, calibrate piston over pupil
c)Apply piston corr. V for each V (350 Hz)
Non-Linear double iteration
See paper Ivanescu et al. for details

22. MACAO-VLTI MACAO-VLTI Upgrades ITF
Electronics cabinets vibrations: move out end-2006 (in progress; Paranal Eng.)
Membrane mirror phaselag switch solved (noise on APDCM); upgrade of EPROM’s
RTC Anti-Windup
FINITO injection (ITF):
Delay Lines alignment + VCM use; procedure
Source centering on Fiber; dynamic modulation
Tunnel Seeing: IRIS (+actuator pre-instrument!?)
PSF “explosion”: implementation of SMA+Anti-Windup
UT Vibrations: implementation of VTK algorithm

23. MACAO-VLTI: Conclusions
4/6/2017
MACAO-VLTI: Conclusions
Milestones
TTB (STRAP) Dec. ’01
First closed loop lab. Aug.’02
First closed loop sky
First fringes
End project 2005
Delivery of systems on schedule
All functionalities operational and tested in telescope environment
Strehl Ratio Performance above spec. S~60% bright sources (seeing 0.8”); S~25% V~15.5 (seeing 0.6”)
Residual tip-tilt 5-9 mas for bright sources
Similar performance on all UT’s (homogeneous systems)
Automatic acquisition through VLTI ISS templates
Perf. Tested at Coude focus (not including delay lines)

24. MACAO-VLTI: Team