1. Chemistry of Life

2. Small to large Atoms Element Molecule Macromolecule Cells Tissues
Organs
Organism

3. Small to large Atom: Smallest possible particle of an element
Element: A pure substance that can not be broken down into other substances.
Molecules: Two or more atoms held together by bonds
Macromolecule: a very large molecule, Protein, carbohydrate, Lipid, Nucleic Acid
Cells: Basic unit of living matter

4. Chemistry An atom contains; protons, neutrons, and electrons
Atomic number: the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom
Periodic Table of Elements: An arrangement of elements based on their atomic number and mass
Elements are also placed due to the number of electrons in the outer shell

5. Electrons and bonding
The number of electrons in the outer shell determines how an element will react with another.
Elements want to have “full” outer shells.
To have a full outer shell an element will either share or transfer electrons
Ionic Bonding: elements transfer electrons
Covalent Bonding: elements share electrons

7. Water properties

8. Water All living things are dependent on water
Cells are 70% to 95% water
Water is the only compound found on earth in all 3 forms
Water is one oxygen covalently bonded to two hydrogen's.
Although this is a covalent bond the oxygen pulls the shared electrons closer to itself making it more negative and making the hydrogen more positive.

9. Water structure

11. Waters life-supporting properties
Cohesion: The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick to one another.
Important in plants because as water evaporates it pulls itself upward in plants.
Adhesion: Attraction that occurs between unlike molecules.
Important because water sticks to the sides of the plant tubes and helps combat gravity.

12. Waters life-supporting properties
Temperature moderation: Water has a very strong ability to resist change in temperature due to hydrogen bonding between molecules
Water allows for temperature regulation of the world by staying cool in the summer and warm in the winter

13. Waters life-supporting properties
Ice: the solid form of water that is lower density than the liquid form. As water freezes the molecules move further apart.
Important because it allows animals to continue to live under frozen water instead of being frozen from the bottom up.

14. Waters life-supporting properties
Water has a great ability to dissolve other substances.
Water is the universal solvent
Solvent: The substance that dissolves another substance
Solute: The substance that is being dissolved
Solution: A uniform mixture of two or more substances.

15. Acids, Bases, Buffers, Ph

16. pH Scale Water sometimes breaks into ion’s of H+ and OH-
Hydrogen ion(+) and Hydroxide ion(-)
These ions are what determine whether something is an acid or base.
The pH scale is an exponential scale showing acids and bases.

17. Ph Scale Scale from 0 to 14 each step is 10x more than the next
0-6 is Acidic
7-8 is neutral
8-14 is Basic

18. Lemon juice, gastric juice
Acidic solution
OH H+
(Higher concentration of H+)
Increasingly ACIDIC
Neutral solution
Basic solution
NEUTRAL
[H-]
pH scale
Lemon juice, gastric juice
Grapefruit juice, soft
drink
Tomato juice
Human urine
Pure water
Human blood
Seawater
Milk of magnesia
Household ammonia
Household bleach
Oven cleaner
(Lower concentration of H+)
Increasingly BASIC
OH H+
Basic solution
Milk of magnesia
Household ammonia
Household bleach
Oven cleaner
(Lower concentration of H+)
Increasingly BASIC
Milk of magnesia
Bleach

19. (Higher concentration of H+)
Acids
An acid is any substance that gives off H+ to the solution
Ex: lemon juice, stomach acid
Acidic solution
OH H+
(Higher concentration of H+)
Increasingly ACIDIC
pH scale

20. (Lower concentration of H+)
Bases
A base is a compound that removes H+ from the solution by giving off OH- to bond with the H+
Ex: Soap, Bleach, Oven cleaner
OH H+
Basic solution
Milk of magnesia
Household ammonia
Household bleach
Oven cleaner
(Lower concentration of H+)
Increasingly BASIC

21. Buffer
Cells are very sensitive to H+ and OH- ions. Even a slight change in pH will affect a cell.
A buffer will accept H+ ions when they are too high and will donate H+ when they are too low.
Blood is a great example of a buffer
OH H+
Neutral solution
NEUTRAL
[H-]
Tomato juice
Human urine
Pure water
Human blood
Seawater

22. Chemical Reaction
The breaking of old and forming of new bonds to make new chemical substances.
Reactant: The starting materials
Product: The ending materials
Reactants
Product

23. Chemical reaction
In a chemical reaction the atoms are not destroyed or created, just rearranged.
H + H + O = H2O

24. Ions Ions are created when an electron is lost or gained
Elements that lose an electron are positive ions (H+) due to the loss of a negative charge.
Elements that gain an electron are negative ions (H-) due to the gaining of a negative charge

25. Chemistry of Life Carbon is the one element required for life
Any Carbon based molecule is considered an organic molecule
Each of the four macromolecules start with Carbon as the basis.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

26. Macromolecules
Carbohydrate: Complex sugars made up of Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen
Starch: a large chain of sugars
Energy source of cells

27. Macromolecules
Lipids: Water avoiding compound made up of Carbon and hydrogen chains
Cholesterol: An essential lipid molecule needed for cell membranes.
Lipids act as a barrier that contains the liquid parts of the cell. They also act as chemical messengers in the form of hormones.

28. Macromolecules Proteins: A large molecule made up of amino acids
Amino acid: A small molecule that is made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.
Proteins are large chains of amino acids that bond together and then fold to create useable cell parts.
Proteins also make up enzymes which speed up chemical reactions.

30. Macromolecules
Nucleic Acids: A large molecule made up of smaller molecules called nucleotides.
Nucleotides: Small molecules made up of a sugar, a nitrogen base, and phosphate
Nucleic acids are what our DNA or genetic material is made of
With out nucleic acids our body would not have directions and could not function.

32. Proteins and Enzymes

33. Function of Proteins Made up of amino acids
Responsible for most day to day functions of all cells
Amino acids link together and form a long chain

34. Protein Shape
The long Amino acid chain folds to make the protein useable
A proteins shape is changed by its surroundings
A protein that is outside of its normal environment will be denatured (misshapen)

37. Proteins to Enzymes A protein sometimes works as an enzyme
An enzyme speeds up chemical reactions in our bodies
An enzyme speeds up a reaction by making it easier.
This is done by lowering the activation energy

38. Enzyme
Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions