1. Mechanisms of Evolution
1) Micro-evolution
change within a species
2) Macro-evolution
change between species

2. Micro-evolution
Hardy-Weinberg (2 mathmaticians)
“Frequency of alleles in a population stays the same generation after generation unless acted upon by some outside force.”
So, what kind of things can change the frequency of alleles in a population?

3. Hardy-Weinberg (Cont)
All alleles contribute by males (p+q)
All alleles contributed by females (p+q)
Together males and females mate
(p+q)(p+q) = 1
all combinations =100%
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 (Also show Punnett)

4. Hardy-Weinberg (Cont)
The p = Allele F = Free Earlobes
The q = Allele a = Attached earlobes
Since q (or a) is the only phenotype with a known genotype (aa), then we can calculate the frequencies of alleles in a population
aa -> a2 -> a = (a2)1/2
F = 1-a (since both a and F = 100%)

5. Hardy-Weinberg
For a Non-Evolving population, these conditions must be met:
1) No mutations
2) No migration
3) No Genetic Drift-Population Large
4) Random Mating
5) No Natural Selection

6. If a population changes (gene frequency) or evolves, it must be due to some factor that violates one of the conditions stated previously.

7. Gene Flow: Alleles introduced to a gene pool
1) Mutation
2) Migration (immigration/emigration)
Animals leave area for another
contribute genes to neighbor’s gene pool
Plants have seeds dispersed by high winds

8. Immigration/Emigration
Very Common
2nd only to Natural Selection as cause of evolution

9. Conflicting Forces Gene flow - increase similarity between populations
Natural Selection - decrease similarity between populations
Possible Outcome:
gradient of variation from one population to another
Increase distance = increase variation

13. Genetic Drift: Evolution by chance
1) Bottleneck Effect: Most of the population is destroyed by a natural event (volcano, earthquake, etc.) and a few individuals survive to reproduce
2) Founder Effect: Few people leave an area to colonize new area

14. Good chance not carry representative sample of all genes present in original population
Environment is different
different selection pressures
Therefore, evolve in new direction

15. In practice, difficult to tell how much of genetic differences between old and new populations is due to:
1) Founders effect
2) Different selection pressures in two environments

16. Founder Effect is great
1) Population of plants that populate an island from a single seed
2) Animals which have descended from one original wild female
domestic hamsters

17. Mating Preferences Females consistently choose one trait over another
Exert selection pressure for one gene
tails of peacocks

18. Female preferences is a form of Natural Selection
One genotype has reproductive advantage over another