1. IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Management of Radioactive Residues from Mining, Mineral Processing, and other NORM related Activities (DS459) - Revision of Management of Radioactive Waste from the Mining and Milling of Ores ( WS - G -1.2) - Revision of Management of Radioactive Waste from the Mining and Milling of Ores ( WS - G -1.2) Zhiwen Fan Waste and Environmental Safety Section Department of Nuclear Safety and Security

2. IAEA Outline Background Major revisions Challenges Summary 2

3. IAEA Background and rational 1/4 3 WS-G-1.2: Management of Radioactive Waste from the Mining and Milling of Ores (2002), Focus on mining and milling uranium and thorium ores Apply primarily to new facilities, Address strategy and protocols for the siting, design, construction, operation and closure of facilities

4. IAEA Background and rational 2/4 Activities are required by MSs related to NORM residues International Peer Reviews. IAEA TC Projects. International Forum on Regulatory Supervision of Legacy Sites (RSLS) Newcomers and model regulations for uranium production. Safety standards have had significant change since 2002. Quite a few supporting documents are at a mature stage of development. 4

5. IAEA Background and rational 3/4 Growing understanding to NORM residues Symposia series Amsterdam, Netherlands 1997 Krefeld, Germany 1998 (NORM II) Brussels, Belgium 2001(NORM III) Szczyrk, Poland 2004 (NORM IV) Seville, Spain 2007 (NORM V) Marrakesh, Morocco 2010 (NORM VI) Beijing, China, 22-26 April 2013 (NORM VII), www.norm7.org 5

6. IAEA Background and rational 4/4 General Conference Resolutions 2008: “Encourages the Secretariat to continue its efforts to develop safety guidance for management of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) WASSC 31 (June 2011) Concluded that: WS-G-1.2 is to be revised at the light of the new requirements and developments. DPP was prepared in September 2011 6

7. IAEA Proposed title: Management of Radioactive Residues from Mining, Mineral Processing, and other NORM related Activities Scope: radioactive residues that arise from mining, and milling of ores for the extraction of uranium or thorium, and to other industries including mining and processing of other ores, the oil and gas industry and the phosphate industry. 7 Major revisions to SG – Title and Scope

8. IAEA Recommendations and guidance to Regulatory bodies, Operating organizations, Technical support organizations, and other interested parties on safe management of radioactive residues arising from the mining, milling other NORM related activities 8 Major revisions to SG - Audience

9. IAEA Major revisions to SG Life cycle guidance on the site selection and evaluation and design of management facilities, and on their construction, operation and closure, decommissioning and termination, including organizational and regulatory requirements. Guidance on the development of a safety case and safety assessment for NORM residues, as required by GSR-4. Principally directed towards the management of residues generated by new facilities. It may not be practical to apply all of these recommendations to existing facilities. Certain non-radiological characteristics of the residues may pose significant hazards and risks. 9

10. IAEA Major revisions to SG – Inter-relations The SG will be based on the Safety Fundamentals and the relevant Safety Requirements that are found principally in the following safety standards: Fundamental Safety Principles (SF-1) Governmental, Legal and Regulatory Framework for Safety (GSR-1) Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources, International Basic Safety Standards 2011 Edition (GSR-3) Safety Assessment for Facilities and Activities (GSR-4) Predisposal Management of Radioactive Waste (GSR-5) Disposal of Radioactive Waste (SSR-5) Supersedes: To revise, expand and supersede: “Management of Radioactive Waste from the Mining and Milling of Ores” (No. WS-G-1.2) 10

11. IAEA Proposed Table of Content for the New SG 1. INTRODUCTION 2. PROTECTION OF PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT 3. ADMINISTRATIVE, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 4. STRATEGY FOR RESIDUE MANAGEMENT 5. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT OF RESIDUES 6. SAFETY ASSESSMENT and SAFETY CASE 7. MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 8. MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE 9. FINANCIAL ASSURANCE REFERENCES 11

12. IAEA 12 Key schedules

13. IAEA 10/11/201413 1. Uranium mining and processing 2. Rare earths extraction 3. Thorium extraction & use 4. Niobium extraction 5. Non-U mining – incl. radon 6. Oil and gas 7. TiO 2 8. Phosphates 9. Zircon & zirconia 10. Metals production (Sn, Cu, Al, Fe, Zn, Pb) 11. Burning of coal etc. 12. Water treatment – incl. radon Challenges – Scope of NORM residues

14. IAEA Definition of NORM residue Criteria to identify NORM residue Process to identify NORM residue 14 Challenges – Scope of NORM residues

15. IAEA Graded entry of facility and activity Graded clearance What are indicators to grade NORM residue? What is the criteria of the indicator to grade? Indicators: activity concentration of the material, surface dose of the materials, dose of the working environment, dose to the worker, dose to the public 15 Challenges – Graded approach

16. IAEA Challenges – Reuse/recycle What can be reused and recycled? Criteria for reuse and recycle Relevant facilities and activities (Process) Constraint from international trade 16

17. IAEA Challenges –Disposal Dilution/dispersion via isolation/containment Long-term management and safety assessment Close to human activities Large volume Long half-lived radionuclide Disposal options, exempted or cleared as non-radioactive waste 17

18. IAEA Summary Scope of NORM residues Identification and categorization of NORM residues Reuse and recycle Disposal options (clearance for disposal, options of disposal) Broadly covered and very sensitive 18

19. IAEA 1910/11/2014 Beijing, China, 22-26 April 2013 (NORM VII)