1. X-rays 10 12 10 6 10 3 10 1 10 -1 10 -3 Long Wave IR Visible UV X-rays Gamma rays wavelength (nm) Frau Röntgen's hand

2. 10 12 10 6 10 3 10 1 10 -1 10 -3 Long Wave IR Visible UV X-rays Gamma rays wavelength (nm) X-rays

3. X-ray tube

5. X-rays

6. White radiation Produced upon "collisions" with electrons in target Any amount of energy can be lost up to a max. amount Continuous variation of wavelength Characteristic radiation Specific energies absorbed Specific x-ray wavelengths emitted Wavelengths characteristic of target atom type White radiation Produced upon "collisions" with electrons in target Any amount of energy can be lost up to a max. amount Continuous variation of wavelength Characteristic radiation Specific energies absorbed Specific x-ray wavelengths emitted Wavelengths characteristic of target atom type

7. X-rays Mechanism Decelerating charges give off radiation Mechanism Decelerating charges give off radiation

8. X-rays Mechanism Decelerating charges give off radiation Mechanism Decelerating charges give off radiation

9. X-rays Mechanism Decelerating charges give off radiation Mechanism Decelerating charges give off radiation

10. X-rays Mechanism Decelerating charges give off radiation Mechanism Decelerating charges give off radiation

11. X-rays Mechanism Decelerating charges give off radiation Mechanism Decelerating charges give off radiation

12. X-rays Typical tube spectrum

13. X-rays - vary tube voltage Intensity Wavelength E ≈ hc/ Kedge E >> hc/ Kedge E > hc/ Kedge I conts = AiZV ~2 I char = Ai(V-V crit ) ~1.5

14. X-rays More electron transitions

15. X-rays Cu spectrum

16. X-rays Al spectrum

17. X-rays Au L spectrum

18. X-rays Moseley's law - energy vs. atomic number

19. X-ray sources Sealed tubes - Coolidge type common - Cu, Mo, Fe, Cr, W, Ag Sealed tubes - Coolidge type common - Cu, Mo, Fe, Cr, W, Ag Ka = (2 Ka1 + Ka2 )/3

20. X-ray sources Sealed tubes - Coolidge type common - Cu, Mo, Fe, Cr, W, Ag intensity limited by cooling requirements (2-2.5kW) (~99% of energy input converted to heat) Sealed tubes - Coolidge type common - Cu, Mo, Fe, Cr, W, Ag intensity limited by cooling requirements (2-2.5kW) (~99% of energy input converted to heat)

21. X-ray sources Intensity changes with take-off angle  But resolution decreases with take-off angle

22. X-ray sources

23. Other X-ray sources Rotating anode high power - 40 kW demountable various anode types Rotating anode high power - 40 kW demountable various anode types

24. Other X-ray sources Synchrotron need electron or positron beam orbiting in a ring beam is bent by magnetic field x-ray emission at bend Synchrotron need electron or positron beam orbiting in a ring beam is bent by magnetic field x-ray emission at bend Advantages 10 -4 - 10 -5 radians divergence (3-5 mm @ 4 m) Advantages 10 -4 - 10 -5 radians divergence (3-5 mm @ 4 m) high brilliance wavelength tunable high brilliance wavelength tunable

25. Other X-ray sources Synchrotron Advantages 10 -4 - 10 -5 rad divergence (3-5 mm @ 4 m) high brilliance wavelength tunable Synchrotron Advantages 10 -4 - 10 -5 rad divergence (3-5 mm @ 4 m) high brilliance wavelength tunable

26. Other X-ray sources Synchrotron need electron or positron beam orbiting in a ring beam is bent by magnetic field x-ray emission at bend Advantages 10 -4 - 10 -5 rad divergence (3-5 mm @ 4 m) high brilliance wavelength tunable high signal/noise ratio Synchrotron need electron or positron beam orbiting in a ring beam is bent by magnetic field x-ray emission at bend Advantages 10 -4 - 10 -5 rad divergence (3-5 mm @ 4 m) high brilliance wavelength tunable high signal/noise ratio

27. X-ray sources Synchrotron Advantages 10 -4 - 10 -5 rad divergence (3-5 mm @ 4 m) high brilliance wavelength tunable Synchrotron Advantages 10 -4 - 10 -5 rad divergence (3-5 mm @ 4 m) high brilliance wavelength tunable

28. X-ray sources Synchrotron Advantages 10 -4 - 10 -5 rad divergence (3-5 mm @ 4 m) high brilliance wavelength tunable Synchrotron Advantages 10 -4 - 10 -5 rad divergence (3-5 mm @ 4 m) high brilliance wavelength tunable

29. Beam conditioning Collimation

30. Beam conditioning Monochromatization  -filters – materials have atomic nos. 1 or 2 less than anode 50-60% beam attenuation placing after specimen/before detector filters most of specimen fluorescence allows passage of high intensity & long wavelength white radiation Monochromatization  -filters – materials have atomic nos. 1 or 2 less than anode 50-60% beam attenuation placing after specimen/before detector filters most of specimen fluorescence allows passage of high intensity & long wavelength white radiation X-rays detector filter specimen

31. Beam conditioning Monochromatization  -filters – materials have atomic nos. 1 or 2 less than anode 50-60% beam attenuation placing after specimen/before detector filters most of specimen fluorescence allows passage of high intensity & long wavelength white radiation Monochromatization  -filters – materials have atomic nos. 1 or 2 less than anode 50-60% beam attenuation placing after specimen/before detector filters most of specimen fluorescence allows passage of high intensity & long wavelength white radiation

32. Beam conditioning Monochromatization Crystal monochromators – LiF, SiO 2, pyrolytic graphite critical – reflectivity ex: for MoK , LiF 9.4% graphite 54 % Monochromatization Crystal monochromators – LiF, SiO 2, pyrolytic graphite critical – reflectivity ex: for MoK , LiF 9.4% graphite 54 %

33. Beam conditioning Monochromatization Crystal monochromators – LiF, SiO 2, pyrolytic graphite critical – reflectivity ex: for MoK , LiF 9.4% graphite 54 % resolution – determines peak/bkgrd ratio & spectral purity best - Si – 10" graphite – 0.52° Monochromatization Crystal monochromators – LiF, SiO 2, pyrolytic graphite critical – reflectivity ex: for MoK , LiF 9.4% graphite 54 % resolution – determines peak/bkgrd ratio & spectral purity best - Si – 10" graphite – 0.52°

34. Beam conditioning Monochromatization Monochromator shape usually flat – problems with divergent beams concentrating type – increases I by factor of 1.5-2 Monochromatization Monochromator shape usually flat – problems with divergent beams concentrating type – increases I by factor of 1.5-2