1. Renewable Energy

2. Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass
Geothermal
Sustainability
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3. Energy Efficiency
Increasing energy efficiency of common devices has economic and environmental advantages
Reducing oil imports
Prolonging fossil fuel supplies
Reducing pollution and environmental degradation
Saving money
Buys time to develop new technology
Creating jobs

4. Efficiency of Some Common Devices
Device Efficiency (%)
Dry-cell flashlight battery 90
Home gas furnace 85
Storage battery 70
Home oil furnace 65
Small electric motor 62
Steam power plant 38
Diesel engine
High-intensity lamp 32
Automobile engine 25
Fluorescent lamp 22
Incandescent lamp

5. Energy Efficiency
percentage of energy input that does useful work in an energy conversion system
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6. Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency
Between 1985 and 2001, the average fuel efficiency for new motor vehicles sold in the United States leveled off or declined
Fuel-efficient models account for only a tiny fraction of car sales
Hybrid-electric cars are now available and sales are expected to increase
Fuel-cell cars that burn hydrogen fuel will be available within a few years
Electric scooters and electric bicycles are short-range transportation alternatives

7. Energy use of various types of transportation
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8. Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency
Superinsulated house is more expensive than a conventional house, but energy savings pay back the extra cost
Strawbale houses have the additional advantage of using an annually renewable agricultural residue, thus slowing deforestation

9. Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency
Existing homes can be made more energy efficient
adding insulation
plugging leaks
installing energy-saving windows
wrapping water heaters
installing tankless models
buying energy-efficient appliances and lights

10. Natural Gas or Electricity
Water heater
Electricity is produced at power plant via gas or coal and transferred via wire to your home
Some energy is lost over the wire, …

11. Water Heater Tank Water is heated 365/24/7
Because heat is lost through the flue and the walls of the storage tank (this is called standby heat loss), energy is consumed even when no hot water is being used.

12. Water Heater
Tankless
The energy consumption of these units is generally lower since standby losses from the storage tank are eliminated.
Demand water heaters with enough capacity to meet household needs are gas- or propane-fired.

13. Solar Energy Energy Efficiency Hydropower Wind Power Biomass
Geothermal
Sustainability

14. Solar Energy Buildings can be heated
passive solar heating system
active solar heating system
Solar thermal systems are new technologies that collect and transform solar energy into heat that can be used directly or converted to electricity
Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy directly into electricity

15. Suitability of Solar Usage
best when more than 60% of daylight hours sunny
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16. Solar Heating Passive system:
Absorbs & stores heat from the sun directly within a structure
Active system:
Collectors absorb solar energy, a pump supplies part of a building’s heating or water heating needs.
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17. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14 &15.ppt

18. Solar Domestic Hot Water (SDHW)
An open circuit hot water system heats the domestic water directly on the roof of the building
The water flows from the heat collector into the hot water tank to be used in the house
Integration of solar energy conservation in homes can reduce energy consumption by 75-90%.
SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

19. Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells
Provides electricity for buildings
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20. Inside the PV cell PV cells are made from silicon alloys PV module
1cm by 10cm cells
36 cells connected
SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

21. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14 &15.ppt

22. Solar Thermal Techniques
Solar Two
SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

23. Heliostats Heliostats provide concentrated sunlight to the power tower
The reflecting mirrors follow the sun along its daily trajectory
SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

24. Power Tower
Sunlight from mirrors are reflected to fixed receiver in power tower
Fluid transfers the absorbed solar heat into the power block
Used to heat a steam generator
Solar One
SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

25. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14 &15.ppt

26. Solar-Hydrogen Revolution
Splitting water can produce H2 gas
If scientists and engineers can learn how to use forms of solar energy to decompose water cheaply, they will set in motion a solar-hydrogen revolution
Hydrogen-powered fuel cells could power vehicles and appliances

28. Hydropower Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Wind Power Biomass
Geothermal
Sustainability
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29. History of Hydroelectric
B.C. - Used by the Greeks to turn water wheels for grinding wheat into flour, more than 2,000 years ago
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers founded, with establishment of Chief Engineer for the Continental Army
Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company, generating electricity by dynamo, belted to a water turbine at the Wolverine Chair Factory, lit up 16 brush-arc lamps.
hydroelectric/hydro.ppt

30. History of Hydroelectric
By % of electrical generation was hydropower
Between 1921 and conventional capacity in the U.S. tripled; almost tripled again between 1940 and 1980
Currently - about 10% of U.S. electricity comes from hydropower.
hydroelectric/hydro.ppt

31. www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt

32. Turbine Technologies Reaction fully immersed in fluid
shape of blades produces rotation
hydroelectric/hydro.ppt

33. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14 &15.ppt

34. Tidal Power Plant
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35. Wind Power Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Biomass
Geothermal
Sustainability
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36. Rotary Windmill
used to run water pumps, ~150,000 in U.S., provided means of pumping water.
thousands of 2 – 3 kW units were installed in 30’s and 40’s REA and TVA phased out as they encouraged electrification

37. Vertical Blades

38. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14 &15.ppt

39. Energy from Wind
Production of electricity and hydrogen gas by wind farms is expected to increase
Western Europe currently leads in the development of wind power
Land used for wind farms also can be used for ranching or crops and most profits stay in local communities
North Dakota

40. Optimization Low Torque – Rapid Speed High Torque – Slow Speed
good for electrical generation
High Torque – Slow Speed
good for pumping water
Small generator
low wind speeds
captures small amount of energy
Large generator
high wind speeds
may not turn at low speeds
don’t necessarily want a high speed pump because your holding tank has a limited capacity
need to shut down with high wind speeds.
tall towers are better
Weibull distribution
statistical plot optimize to
average power from wind speed be careful of underestimating

41. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14 &15.ppt

42. Source: American Wind Energy Association

43. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14 &15.ppt

44. Biomass Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power
Geothermal
Sustainability
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45. Energy from Biomass
In the developing world, most people heat homes and cook by burning wood or charcoal
Plant materials and animal wastes also can be converted into biofuels,
Biogas
Liquid ethanol
Liquid methanol
Urban wastes can be burned in incinerators to produce electricity and heat
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46. Types of Biomass Fuel
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47. Biorefinery Conversion Processes Biomass Feedstock Fuels: Ethanol
Renewable Diesel
Methanol
Hydrogen
Electricity
Heat
Products
Plastics
Foams
Solvents
Coatings
Chemical Intermediates
Phenolics
Adhesives
Fatty acids
Acetic Acid
Carbon black
Paints
Dyes, Pigments, and Ink
Detergents
Etc.
Conversion
Processes
Biomass
Feedstock
Trees
Forest Residues
Grasses
Agricultural Crops
Agricultural Residues
Animal Wastes
Municipal Solid Waste
Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation
Enzymatic Fermentation
- Gas/liquid Fermentation
- Thermochemical Processes
- Gasification/Pyrolysis
- Combustion
- Co-firing
01.ppt

48. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14 &15.ppt

49. Geothermal Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power
Biomass
Geothermal
Sustainability
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50. Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy can be used to heat buildings and to produce electricity
Geothermal reservoirs can be depleted if heat is removed faster than natural processes renew it, but the potential supply is vast

51. Technology Geothermal Heat Pumps Direct-Use Power Plants
shallow ground energy
Direct-Use
hot water can be piped to facilities
Power Plants
steam and hot water drive turbines
dry steam plants
flash steam plants
binary cycle plants
upper ten feet maintains a constant temp of between 50 and 60 degrees
heat pump system consists of system of pipes buried in the ground, heat exchanger and ductwork
winter: heat is extracted from the warmer ground (colder climate pipes may need to be deeper)
summer: hot air is cooled via the ground
summer heat removal can be used to heat water
hot water can be used to heat buildings, grow plants in greenhouses, heat water for fish farming, pasteurize milk
piped under sidewalks to melt snow (mostly used in western states)
mile deep wells drilled into underground reservoirs tap steam and very hot water
three t
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

52. Dry Steam Power Plants Hydrothermal fluids are primarily steam
Steam goes directly to turbine
No fossil fuels
includes problems with transport and storage of fossil fuels
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

53. Flash Steam Power Plant
Fluids above 200 degrees Celsius
Fluid is sprayed into tank at lower pressure
Fluid rapidly vaporizes
Steam drives turbine
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

54. Binary Cycle Power Plant
Cooler water (below 200 degrees Celsius)
Hot thermal fluid and a second fluid pass through heat exchanger
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

55. Heat Mining
Last week the Massachusetts Institute of Technology released a study concluding that heat mining could generate enough energy by 2050 to replace the coal-fired and nuclear power plants that are likely to be retired over the next several decades.
Boston Globe Gareth Cook, Globe Staff  |  January 29,

64. At present the DHM project and drilling activities are financed by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), the canton of the city of Basel, the water and energy public utilities of Basel (IWB), a power company (Elektra Basel Land), and a private foundation (G.H. Endress)

65. Benefits Clean Energy Availability Homegrown Renewable
one sixth of carbon dioxide vs. natural gas
very little if any nitrous oxide or sulfur compounds
Availability
24 hours a day, 365 days a year
Homegrown
Renewable
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

66. Environmental Effects
Only emission is steam
Salts and dissolved minerals reinjected
Some sludge produced
Mineral extraction
Little Visual Impact
Small acreage, no fuel storage facilities
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

67. Location Hot geothermal fluid Low mineral and gas content
Shallow aquifers
Producing and reinjecting the fluid
Private land
Simplifies permit process
Proximity to transmission lines
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

68. www.eren.doe.gov/power/consumer/ rebasics_geothermal.html

69. Future Only tiny fraction is currently used
Dry hot rock heated by molten magma
Drill into rock and circulate water
geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

70. Sustainability Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power
Biomass
Geothermal
Sustainability

71. Suggestions to make the transition to a more
sustainable energy future.
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