1. 1 An Overview of Solar & Wind Energy in the Kingdom of Bahrain and the GCC States Amman 27-28 March 2012 Khalid A. Burashid Khalid A. Burashid

2. CategoryQuantity Area765.3 Sq km Population1,170,000 Population growth 2.8%/year Peak load in 2011 2812 MW Peak load demand growth rate 10%/year Expected Power growth rate 8% Arabian Gulf

3. Energy Consumption GWh

4. 6500 5503 4803 2020 3539 2015 2030 2025 2011 2812 Energy Demand Forecast (MW) 4

5. Energy consumption by sector

6. 6 The Study Contents Solar Energy Wind Energy Bahrain’s Development Project

7. 7 Coverage Zone E 50 o 33 ` N 26 o 1` 39” Bahrain

8. 8 Al Hufuf Abu Dhabi Coverage Zone E 50 o 33 ` N 26 o 1` 39” Bahrain E 51 o 32 ` 0” N 25 o 17`12” Doha E 58.54 o 33 ` N 23.61 Muscat Kuwait E 49 o 35 ` N 25 o 23` E 47 o 58 ` N 29 o 22`

9. 9 Qaysuma Al Hufuf Abu Dhabi Coverage Zone E 50 o 33 ` N 26 o 1` 39” Bahrain E 51 o 32 ` 0” N 25 o 17`12” Doha E 58.54 o 33 ` N 23.61 Muscat Kuwait E 49 o 35 ` N 25 o 23` E 47 o 58 ` N 29 o 22` Solar Wind

10. 10 Gizan Al Wajh Turaif Qaysuma Al Hufuf Abu Dhabi Coverage Zone E 36 o 25` 0 ” N 26 o 17 ` 0 ” E 38 o 39 ` 11” N 31 o 40` 39” E 50 o 33 ` N 26 o 1` 39” Bahrain E 51 o 32 ` 0” N 25 o 17`12” Doha E 58.54 o 33 ` N 23.61 Muscat E 42 o 33 ` 40” N16 o 53`21” Kuwait E 49 o 35 ` N 25 o 23` E 47 o 58 ` N 29 o 22` Solar Wind

11. 11 Annual direct normal irradiance “GCC”

12. 12 Global Cloud Cover Source: NASA MODIS TerraSat

13. 13 Monthly Average Daily Global Radiation and average Sunshine hours in Bahrain 9.2 hrs 5180 Whr/m 2

14. Monthly average daily global radiation and Sunshine hours in Qatar (Doha) 9.3 hrs 5260 Whr/m 2 14

15. Monthly average daily global radiation and sunshine hours in Saudi Arabia (Al Hufuf) 8.7 hrs 5670 Whr/m 2 15

16. 16 Monthly average daily global radiation and Sunshine hours in Kuwait 8.9 hrs 5990 Whr/m 2

17. 17 Monthly average daily global radiation and Sunshine hours in Oman (Al Sib) 9.6 hrs 5410 Whr/m 2

18. 18 Daily average solar radiation in the G.C.C Countries

19. 19 Monthly average Irradiance on tilted plane (Bahrain)

20. 20 Mathematical Model for Monthly Average Daily Global Radiation in Bahrain

21. 21 H =Ho [A + B (S/So)] Bahrain’s monthly variation of the fraction of possible duration of sunshine hours and the Clearness Index June 0.635

22. 22 H/Ho = 0.45186 S/So - 0.00924 RH - 0.00788 T + 1.03452 The Radiation Model For the Kingdom of Bahrain T : monthly mean daily temperature in o C. RH : monthly mean relative humidity

23. 23 Comparison between the proposed H/Ho model and other models for Bahrain

24. 24 Comparison of the proposed model with the measured values for some GCC locations

25. 25 Wind Energy

26. 26 Mean Annual Wind Speeds in Bahrain

27. Wind summary - Bahrain 27

28. 28 Mean Annual Wind Speeds in Qatar

29. 29 Mean Annual Wind Speeds in UAE

30. 30 Mean Annual Wind Speeds in Kuwait m/sec

31. 31 Solar /Wind Wind power Solar Power country 6.191558Bahrain 6.685565Qatar 8.371587 Saudi Arabia Eastern province 4.8140673Kuwait Solar versus wind powers in the Arabian Gulf Countries (W/m 2 ) !!

32. 32 Monthly average wind speeds in Bahrain and selected GCC locations

33. Monthly average wind speeds in Bahrain and selected GCC locations

34. 34 Bahrain's Demonstration Project Solar and Wind Bahrain's Vision for Renewal energy Why solar & wind Implementation Program

35. Onshore potential areas were defined after subtracting from the total areas of Bahrain: Residential and touristic areas with a minimum distance of 500m from them Industrial and agricultural areas were excluded only when infrastructure existed Airports and their surroundings following guidelines from ICAO Protected areas (wild life sanctuary, parks etc.) Net area available is 218 km2

36. Offshore potential areas were defined by subtracting from the total exclusive economical zone of Bahrain: All areas with a water depth larger than 30m Areas with visual impact on onshore facilities (10km facing touristic areas and 5km facing residential areas) Main shipping lane entering the port with a buffer region around it and all the ‘Bahrain Port Limit’ as specified by the ‘General Organization of Sea Ports’. Net available area is 4,980 km2

37. 37 Possible sites for wind generators generators Wind speed measured at 80 meters height

38. 38 Wind speed measured at 100 meters height

39. The solar resources in Bahrain are relatively uniform, locations with better wind speed may also be better for solar panels to control the temperature. This means location criteria for Wind and Solar energy are similar

40. Initial Proposed Site Assessment for the Observation Plant EWA proposed a site located south East. A = 13 hectars Capital Cost : US $ 12 Million

41. 41 Conclusion Despite the availability of such enormous energy, which is clean and renewable, applications are still very limited in this region. There are only a few ambitious programs for research and development aimed to expand the usage of these energies. Solar Energy: Bahrain and the rest of the GCC states are subjected to very high solar radiation levels during summer months reaching up to 7200 Whr/m 2 with an annual mean radiation of 5200 Whr/m 2 which justifies the use of this energy for small/medium size power generation Electricity production and Sea water desalination utilizing Reverse Osmosis process powered by Solar and wind turbines may also be considered for small and medium size plants in remote areas.

42. 42 Further research and Studies on wind potential is recommended for developing experience with turbine generators performance and their economics in this region Wind Energy: Preliminary results show that the average wind ranges between 4.0 and 5.5 m/s. In a windy day wind power is equivalent to about 225 Watt/m 2 distributed over 24 hours period. Because of the frequency of calms, wind power can not contribute significantly to a firm power generation, however, it could be efficiently used in a hybrid wind/solar scheme.

43. Thank You Khalid Burashid