1. KTH Railway Group Center for research and education in Railway technology Railway Group Higher axle-loads Wider gauge End of Train Device (EOT) Electronic breaking Automatic couple Technique for efficient operations - to be implemented

2. KTH Railway Group Center for research and education in Railway technology Railway Group Transportation cost index

3. KTH Railway Group Center for research and education in Railway technology Railway Group The bureaucratic way: Everything which isn´t in the rule-book is impossible The practical way: Test what is possible on the actual routes with modern measuring-methods Lines have been upgraded from 22,5 to 25 tonnes on some lines without investments – just by controlling the track-forces Gauge have been widened from 3,2 to 3,6 meter on some lines by measuring and then taken away some hinders for a very low costs How to implement new technique? - experience from Sweden