1. China & the New Imperialism
Chapter 12: Section I
Ms. Garratt

4. China & Trade China traditionally place strict limits on foreign trade
Balance of trade surplus vs. trade deficit
Europe requested more trading rights & were refused
3 things changed:
Ch entered period of decline (Qing)
Indus Rev required new markets
West had military power to enforce its will

5. Opium Britain decides to sell Opium which is illegal in China
This is protested by China
Lin writes letter to Queen Victoria asking why she is allowing such a harmful substance to be sold in China that is illegal in Britain

6. The Opium War 1839
Chinese ships were no match for the steam-powered gunboats.
British naval victory
Results in the Treaty of Nanjing

7. Treaty of Nanjing 1842 British gained: Hong Kong Indemnity
Extraterritorial rights
Most favored nation (MFN)
Access to more trade

8. The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864
Just when you thought things couldn’t go worse……The Taiping Rebellion occurs.
Over the course of the next 15 years approx m died
Led by Hong Xiuquan who wanted to establish “heavenly kingdom”
His radical ideas included land reform, community ownership of property, gender equality, strict morality & end to Qing Dynastt
Foreigners took further advantage of Chinese weaknesses and seized more territory

9. Sino-Japanese War Japan industrialized quickly after 1868
Japan joined Western imperialists in competition for global empire
In 1894 they seized Taiwan

10. Impact of the Japanese Defeat
By revealing how weak China was Europeans began to carve out more spheres of influence.
The US insisted in 1899 that there be an “open door” policy which allowed all countries to trade freely in China on an equal basis

12. Impact of US Open Door Policy
Ensured that Chinese trade would be open to all
Prevented China from full scale colonization

13. To Reform or not to reform….
Many saw reform as the only way to free China from Western imperialism
In 1860s the Self-Strenghening Movement tried to industrialize and build an infrastructure
Little progress due to lack of gov support

14. Hundred Days of Reform” Movement 1898
Second attempt concentrated on modernizing government, military & bureaucracy
Conservatives were threatened & halted reforms
Reformers imprisoned
Kang Youwei >>>>

15. Catalyst for Reform

16. Resentment Against Foreigners
Treaty of Nanjing
Extraterritorial rights
Missionaries
Spheres of Influence
Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists (the Boxers) led campaign against foreigners
>>Martyrs of rebellion

17. The Boxer Rebellion 1899
Goal was to drive out “foreign devils” who were “polluting” the land with un-Chinese ways.
Attacked foreign communities which led the West to organize a multinational force.
Boxers were easily defeated.

18. Impact of Boxer Rebellion
Greater sense of nationalism
Convinced conservatives of the need to support westernization
Confucianism was replaced with emphasis on math & science
China expanded economically
Industry developed with new Chinese business & working class

19. Sun Yixian & the Three Principals of the People
Western educated
Founded the Kuomintang to create a republic based on these 3 principles:
Nationalism
Democracy
Economic Security for all

20. World War I China felt betrayed after the war.
Declared war against Germany in the hopes that Allies would return control of Chinese territory held by Germany
Instead the territory was given to Japan as part of the Treaty of Versailles

21. May Fourth Movement 1919
Demonstrations erupted across the country in what came to be called the May Fourth Movement.
Commitment to nationalism and modernization
Many turned away from Kuomintang toward communists out of frustration

22. Communist Party Mao adapted Marxism to China
Sun allies the Kuomintang with the Communists due to frustration with the West
Lenin provided military aid
After Sun’s death the Kuomintang become corrupt and do little to improve the lives of peasants.
They align themselves with the Communists
1927 slaughters of Communists would plunge China into 4 decades of Civil War

23. Jiang Betrays Communists

24. Civil War & the Long March
100,000 march 6000 miles to escape Jiang
Recruit peasants
Guerilla warfare
Only survive when they reach the north
Japan takes advantage of domestic turmoil

25. Japanese Invasion and the Uneasy Truce

26. World War II Communists Kuomintang Controlled the north
Promoted literacy & food production
Won support of the peasants
Control of the South
Received US aid ($1.5 b)
Corruption
Few battles fought with Japanese
Saved their energy for final battle with Communists

27. Civil War

28. China and the Cold War

29. The Great Leap Forward 1958

30. The Cultural Revolution 1966

31. Legacy of Mao

32. China & the West

33. Tiananmen Square

34. China in the 21st Century

41. Spheres of Influence