1. Introduction To Navigation
Chapter 9
Introduction To Navigation
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.

2. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Lesson Objectives
Selecting and keeping charts current
Constructing and reading charts
Use of navigation tools
Select, adjust, mount, and correct a compass
Plot a course and measure direction
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3. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Lesson Objectives (2)
Determine position by compass bearings
Computing speed, time and distance
Make a dead-reckoning plot
Use of tide tables
Electronic navigation
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4. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Nautical Charts
Availability
Download free from NOAA & other sites
Designated stores print up-to-minute on demand
Dates
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5. Nautical Chart Features
Projections
Mercator Projections
Reprinted with permission from The Weekend Navigator by Bob Sweet
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.

6. Nautical Chart Features
Projections
Polyconic Projections
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7. Nautical Chart Features
5-A Chesapeake Bay :
5-D Chesapeake Bay :10.000
5-B Chesapeake Bay :80.000
5-C Chesapeake Bay :25.000
Chart Scales
Reprinted with permission from How to Read A Nautical Chart by Nigel Calder
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.

8. Nautical Chart Features
Harbor 1:2,000
1:40,000
Coast :40,000
1:150,000
General 1:150,000
1:600,000
Sailing 1:600,000
1:14,000,000
River Chart
Strip Chart
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9. Nautical Chart Features
General Information Block
Find the following on your General Information Block:
Types of projection
Scale
Vertical and horizontal datums
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Reprinted with permission from
How to Read A Nautical Chart by Nigel Calder

10. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Vertical Datum
Water Depth
Mean Low Water
Mean Lower Low Water
Tide table adds or subtracts based on date & time
Overhead clearance
Based on Mean High Water
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.

11. Chart Features/What Charts Show
Locate on your charts the following information blocks:
Principle landmarks
Water depths
Notes
Shore details
Aids to navigation
Location, distance, and direction
Compass Rose
Lines of longitude
Lines of latitude
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Reprinted with permission from The Weekend Navigator by Bob Sweet

12. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Ship’s Compass
Features
Front reading
Top or Back reading
Fluxgate
Digital
Light for night
Installation
Lubbers line & keel
Adjusting deviation
Reprinted with permission from The Weekend Navigator by Bob Sweet
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.

13. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Fixing Your Position
Great circles
a flat plane that passes through the center of the earth
Shortest route between two points on earth
Grid pattern using lines of
Latitude
Longitude
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14. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Fixing Your Position
Parallels of latitude
North or South of equator
Equator is great circle
Parallels are small circles
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15. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Fixing Your Position
Longitude lines
West or East of Greenwich England
Great circles passing through both poles
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16. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Fixing Your Position
Locating a point on the chart
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Reprinted with permission from The Weekend Navigator by Bob Sweet

17. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Fixing Your Position
Distance on the earth’s surface
Nautical mile
Knot measures speed
Use latitude scale to measure distance
1 degree latitude = 60 nm
1 minute latitude = 1 nm
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.

18. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Fixing Your Position
Course Plotting
Measuring direction
Using course plotter
Using parallel rulers
Reprinted with permission from The Weekend Navigator by Bob Sweet
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.

19. Sources of Compass Error
Variation
Polar north
Magnetic north
Annual change
Compass Rose
Deviation
On board
Magnetic
Electro-magnetic
Changes with
boat heading
Create table
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.

20. Correcting a Compass Reading
True
(T)
- west
Variation
(V)
+ west
Magnetic
(M)
+ east
Deviation
(D)
- east
Compass
(C)
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21. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Finding Your Position
Line of position (LOP)
Range LOP
Bearing LOP
Loran time differential (TD) LOP
Circle of position (COP)
RADAR
GPS
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22. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Finding Your Position
Fix
Where 2 LOP cross
Where 2 COP cross
Intersection of 2 distances
1 LOP & 1 distance
Third value to validate
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23. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Finding Your Position
Range LOPs
Reprinted with permission from Boater’s Bowditch by Richard K. Hubbard
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.

24. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Finding Your Position
Bearing LOPs
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25. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Finding Your Position
Binocular
7 X 50
May have compass
Reprinted with permission
from The Weekend Navigator by Bob Sweet
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.

26. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Speed – Time – Distance
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27. Primary Methods Of Navigation
Dead Reckoning
Piloting
Celestial Navigation
Electronic Navigation
Inertial Guidance
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28. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Dead Reckoning
Process of determining a ship’s approximate position by applying to the last well determined position, a series of vectors, representing the run that has since been made
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29. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Dead Reckoning
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30. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Piloting
Near shore
Landmarks visible for reference
Still check water depth on chart
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31. Electronic Navigation
Loran
GPS
WAAS
Electronic Charting
RADAR
Real time hazard identification
Depth sounder
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32. Electronic Navigation
Waypoints
Do NOT provide safe routes
Verify all tracks on a chart for hazards
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33. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
GPS Operation
Reprinted with permission from
The Weekend Navigator by Bob Sweet
Reprinted with permission from
The Weekend Navigator by Bob Sweet
Reprinted with permission from Using GPS; A Captain’s Quick Guide by Bob Sweet
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.

34. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Tides
Tides per day
Diurnal
Semi-diurnal
Mixed
Monthly
Spring Tides
Neap Tides
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35. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Tides
Diurnal
Semi-diurnal
Mixed
Reprinted with permission from
The Weekend Navigator by Bob Sweet
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.

36. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Tide Tables
Reprinted with permission from The Weekend Navigator by Bob Sweet
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.

37. Copyright 2007 - Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.
Copyright Coast Guard Auxiliary Association, Inc.