1. Micro Sprinkler Groundnut performance

2. Micro sprinkler in onion

3. DRIP FERTIGATION TO ANNUAL MORINGA

4. Drip irrigation in chillies

5. Drip irrigation to coconut

6. Drip irrigation in cotton – modified geometry

7. Drip irrigation in Typhonium

9. Sugarcane drip

10. Surface Irrigation Hydraulics Advance Advance – Movement of water from the inlet end to the downstream end – Curve of Time vs. Distance is NOT linear – Rule-of-Thumb: 1/3 of the total advance time is needed to reach midpoint of the furrow length

11. Surface Irrigation Hydraulics, Contd Recession Recession – Process of water leaving the surface (through infiltration and/or runoff) after the inflow has been cut off – Usually begins to recede at the upstream end – Can also be plotted as Time vs. Distance – Flatter" curve than the Advance Curve

12. Surface Irrigation Hydraulics, Contd Infiltration Infiltration – Opportunity Time: difference between Recession and Advance curves – Infiltration Depth: a function of the opportunity time and the infiltration class (rate) of the soil

13. Opportunity Time

14. Infiltration vs. Opportunity Time

15. Infiltration Profile

16. Uniformity Inherent non-uniformity because recession and advance curves are not parallel Inherent non-uniformity because recession and advance curves are not parallel Factors affecting Factors affecting – Inflow rate – Slope – Soil infiltration – Roughness – Channel shape – Inflow time – Length of run

17. Efficiency Volume balance Volume balance – V g = V z + V s + V r – g gross – z infiltration – s surface storage – r runoff (or depth basis): d g = d z + d s + d r (or depth basis): d g = d z + d s + d r Part of infiltration may go to deep percolation Part of infiltration may go to deep percolation

18. Improving Irrigation Efficiency Alternate furrow irrigation Alternate furrow irrigation – Increases advance time, but reduces average infiltration depth (twice the width) Cutback irrigation Cutback irrigation – Use large inflow rate during advance, and then reduce the inflow to match the soil's steady- state infiltration rate – Intensive management is required

19. Improving Irrigation Efficiency Contd Land smoothing and laser grading Land smoothing and laser grading – Helps to improve uniformity Surge irrigation Surge irrigation – Alternate on-off periods for applying water – Achieve higher efficiencies and uniformities in some soils – Lends itself to semi-automation

20. Treatments SI 1 - Surge irrigation with a stream size of 1.5 lps in 100 m long furrow SI 2 - Surge irrigation with a stream size of 2.0 lps in 100 m long furrow C 1 I 1 - Continuous irrigation in 100 m long furrows with a stream size of 1.5 lps C 1 I 2 - Continuous irrigation in 100 m long furrows with a stream size of 2.0 lps C 2 I 1 - Basin irrigation with a stream size of 1.5 lps C 2 I 2 - Basin irrigation with a stream size of 2.0 lps

21. SI 1 SI 2 C1I1C1I1 C1I2C1I2 C2I1C2I1 C2I2C2I2 Irrn. Eff. (%) 808570758590 Total cycle time Actual ON time Total cycle time Actual ON time Irrn. Time 280100190701077510474 Irrn. No. 117060130601057010070 21565612555986110170 3141501184894579672 4128481124085559872 51375010540955810074 6132501024093549270 7142501144089609474 8135501204091569666 9138501254592529872 101345012343905410070 111365012545895710272 Actual supply time variation during advance phase between irrigations ( minutes )