1. ANCIENT EGYPT and NUBIA Ch. 4 Sect. I

2. 4 First Age of Empires, 1570 B.C.–200 B.C.
HOME 4
CHAPTER
First Age of Empires,
1570 B.C.–200 B.C.
Chapter Overview
A series of empires, each one bigger than the last, forges regional unity among the old heartlands of civilization from the Nile to the Iranian Plateau. Meanwhile, the Chinese Empire emerges as a cultural and political unit.

3. 4 First Age of Empires, 1570 B.C.–200 B.C. HOME Time Line 1570 B.C.
CHAPTER
First Age of Empires,
1570 B.C.–200 B.C.
Time Line
1544 B.C. Egypt’s New Kingdom established.
751 B.C. Nubian kingdom of Kush conquers Egypt.
206 B.C. The Qin Dynasty of China collapses. Civil War follows.
1570 B.C.
200 B.C.
850 B.C. Assyrian Empire begins its rise to power.
550 B.C. Persian Empire flourishes under Cyrus.

4. The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide
HOME 1
The Empires of Egypt
and Nubia Collide
Key Idea
The New Kingdom forges a brilliant Egyptian Empire, which is eventually conquered and ruled by the Nubians of Kush. The Kushites later establish an Egyptian-style kingdom of their own farther south.

6. Ancient Nubia
Kush, the Egyptian name for ancient Nubia, was the site of a highly advanced, ancient black African civilization that rivaled ancient Egypt in wealth, power and cultural development.

7. The Egyptian and Nubian Empires
SECTION 1
The Egyptian and Nubian Empires
Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt
Invaders
• About 1640 B.C., Asian warriors, the Hyksos, use
chariots to conquer Egypt
Hebrews Migrate to Egypt
• Hebrews move to Egypt from Canaan around 1650 B.C.
• Egyptians resent the presence of Hebrews and Hyksos
in Egypt
Expulsion and Slavery
• Egyptians drive out the hated Hyksos
• Hebrews lose protection of Hyksos; are enslaved
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8. The New Kingdom of Egypt
SECTION 1
The New Kingdom of Egypt
Technological Changes
• About 1570 to 1075 B.C. pharaohs create New Kingdom, a powerful empire
• Army uses bronze weapons and chariots to conquer other lands
Image
Image
Continued . . .
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9. Event 1 1472 B.C. Hatshepsut’s Prosperous Rule
• Hatshepsut—pharaoh whose reign most noted for her trade expeditions, not war
Opened trade in Punt (modern day Somalia)

10. Image Thutmose the Empire Builder
SECTION 1
continued The New Kingdom of Egypt
Thutmose the Empire Builder
• Thutmose III, Hatshepsut’s stepson, expands Egypt’s empire
• Invades Palestine, Syria, and Nubia—region around the upper Nile River
• Egypt most powerful and wealthy during reign of New Kingdom pharoahs
Image
Continued . . .
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11. The Egyptians and the Hittites
SECTION 1
Event B.C.
The Egyptians and the Hittites
• Around 1285 B.C. Egyptians battle the Hittites in Palestine
• Egypt’s pharaoh, Ramses II, and the Hittite king sign a peace treaty
Image
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12. Event 3 1290-1224 B.C. An Age of Builders
• New Kingdom pharaohs built great palaces,
magnificent temples
• Valley of the Kings near Thebes is home to royal tombs
• Ramses II builds impressive temples with
enormous statues of himself

13. Ramses II

14. Event 4 1200 B.C. Invasion by Land and Sea
• “Sea Peoples” (possibly Philistines) cause great
destruction in Egypt
• Libyan raids on villages and Palestine rebellions weaken empire

15. Event 6 950-730 B.C. Egypt’s Empire Fades
SECTION 1
Event B.C.
Egypt’s Empire Fades
• Weakened empire breaks into smaller kingdoms
• From around 950 to 730 B.C. Libyan pharaohs rule Egypt, erect cities
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16. Kush Conquers Egypt, 730 BC
Around 730 B.C., Kush's warrior hordes turned the tables on a weakened Egypt and conquered it.
This event established the black Pharaohs from Kush.

17. The Kushites Conquer the Nile Region
SECTION 1
The Kushites Conquer the Nile Region
Egypt and Kush
• From 2000 to 1000 B.C., Egypt dominates
kingdom of Kush in Nubia, but as Egypt fell into decline Kush began to emerge as a regional power
Map
The People of Nubia
• Live south of Egypt near division of Blue Nile and White Nile
• Nile River is a great trade route for goods and
ideas
• Nubians link Egypt and Mediterranean to African interior through trade
Continued . . .
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18. The Interaction of Egypt and Nubia
SECTION 1
continued The Kushites Conquer the Nile Region
Image
Event B.C.
The Interaction of Egypt and Nubia
• Egyptian culture influences Nubia and beyond to southern Africa
• About 1200 B.C., Nubia gains independence but keeps Egyptian culture
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19. Event 7 751 B.C. Piankhi Captures the Egyptian Throne
• In 751 B.C., Kushite king Piankhi conquers
Egypt, ousts Libyans
• Assyrians overcome Kushites and take Egypt

20. Gold from Nubia
For the next four centuries, the Egyptians exploited Kush as a colony.
Egypt's wealth in gold came from the desert mines of Kush. The Egyptian word for gold is nub, which is thought by some to be the origin of the name Nubia.
Model coffin of Tutankhamun, probably made from Nubian gold. Found in his tomb at Thebes. Egypt, Dynasty 18, ca BCE.

21. Piankhi
Piankhi, (d BC) was a Kushite king and founder of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt.
He ruled Egypt from the city of Napata, located deep in Nubia.

22. Piankhi’s dynasty proved to be short lived. In 671B. C
Piankhi’s dynasty proved to be short lived. In 671B.C. the Assyrians, warlike people from Southwest Asia, conquered Egypt.
Event 8
671 B.C.

23. SECTION 1
The Golden Age of Meroë
• Kushites settle Meroë; join in trade with Africa, Arabia, India
The Wealth of Kush
• Meroë becomes important center for iron
weapons and tools
• Iron products transported to Red Sea, exchanged for luxury goods
The Decline of Meroë
• Meroë thrives from about 250 B.C. to A.D. 150,
then declines
• Aksum, 400 miles southeast, dominates North
African trade
• Has port on Red Sea, defeats Meroë in A.D. 350
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24. 25th Dynasty of Egypt
Black Pharoahs ruled an Egyptian- Nubian empire that extended from the Medi-terranean to the confluence of the Blue and White Niles for sixty years.
Historians would count their reign as Egypt's 25th Dynasty.
Twenty-Fifth Dynasty
Name
Dates
Alara
Kashta –
Piankhi
c. 752 BC – 721 BC
Shabaka
721 BC – 707 BC
Shebitku
707 BC – 690 BC
Taharqa
690 – 664 BC
Tantamani
664 – 656 BC (died 653 BC)

26. Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization in eastern North Africa concentrated along the middle to lower reaches of the Nile River that reached its greatest extent in the second millennium BC during the New Kingdom.

27. Old Kingdom (2700 B.C.–2184 B.C.)
The Old Kingdom (Dynasties 3 to 6) was a period of great prosperity and innovation whose most memorable feature was surely the pyramid.
Pyramids of Giza

28. New Kingdom (1570 B.C.–1070 B.C.) Temple of Ramses II
Dynasty 18 through Dynasty 20, known as the New Kingdom, witnessed a time of international prestige and prosperity for Egypt.
The kings of this period conducted extensive military, diplomatic and trade relations with Nubians as far south as the Fourth Cataract in Nubia.

29. The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide 1 • Hyksos • New Kingdom
HOME 1
The Empires of Egypt
and Nubia Collide
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Hyksos
• New Kingdom
• Hatshepsut
• Thutmose III
• Nubia
• Ramses II
• Kush
• Piankhi
• Meroë
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Two empires along the Nile, Egypt and Nubia, forged commercial, cultural, and political connections.
Neighboring civilizations participate in cultural exchange as well as conflict.
Assessment

30. The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide 1
HOME 1
The Empires of Egypt
and Nubia Collide
Section 1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List important events in the history of Egypt and Kush.
1285 B.C. Battle of Kadesh
1200 B.C. People of the Sea attack Egypt.
B.C. Libyans rule Egypt.
1570 B.C.
A.D. 350
Egyptian New Kingdom
Aksum defeats Meroë.
1472 B.C. Hatshepsut makes herself pharaoh.
B.C. Ramses II rules.
1100 B.C. Kush regains independence.
671 B.C. Kushites lose Egypt to Assyrians.
continued . . .

31. The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide 1
HOME 1
The Empires of Egypt
and Nubia Collide
Section 1
Assessment
2. Read the temple inscription written by Piankhi. Explain how an Egyptian might have written the inscription differently. THINK ABOUT
• what bias Piankhi had
ANSWER
• how Egyptians benefited from Piankhi’s invasion
• why Egyptians might have disagreed with Piankhi
Possible Response:
An Egyptian might have praised the Kushites for restoring the Egyptian way of life or criticized them for ruling in place of Egyptians.
continued . . .

32. The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide 1
HOME 1
The Empires of Egypt
and Nubia Collide
Section 1
Assessment
3. How did Egypt and Nubia strengthen each other at various times in their histories? THINK ABOUT
• the role of trade and the movement of goods
• the impact of military movements
• the influence of cultural developments
ANSWER
Under Thutmose III, Egyptians brought gold, cattle, ivory, and slaves from Nubia.
Under Egyptian control, Nubian princes adopted much of Egyptian culture.
When Nubians seized power over Egypt, they tried to restore the Egyptian way of life.
Possible Responses:
End of Section 1

33. What Social class would
you find at the top
of the pyramid?

34. Pharaoh

35. Pharaoh
Upper Class
Very small group. Made up of Priests, members of the Pharaohs Court and Nobles

36. Pharaoh Upper Class Middle Class Merchants and skilled workers
Very small group. Made up of Priests, members of the Pharaohs Court and Nobles
Merchants and skilled workers
Middle Class

37. Not a very large class. They farmed and built roads & temples.
Pharaoh
Upper Class
Very small group. Made up of Priests, members of the Pharaohs Court and Nobles
Merchants and skilled workers
Middle Class
Not a very large class. They farmed and built roads & temples.
Peasants

38. New Empire
Semitic-speaking people who exploited the use of iron weapons to build an empire by 700 B.C.
Semitic-Speaking
Spoke Semitic language
Included Territory From
including Mesopotamia, some of the Iranian Plateau, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt.

39. Semitic Language

40. Military Strength
The Assyrian military was one of the strongest in the ancient world.
They used fierce iron weapons and psychological warfare.
The Assyrians would often attempt to get an area to surrender before attack.
If people refused and were defeated they were treated harshly.
King Ashurnasirpal once stated
“3,000 of their combat troops I felled with weapons Many I took alive; from some of these I cut off their hands to the writs, from others I cut off their noses, ears and fingers; I put out the eyes of many of the soldiers I burned their young men and women to death.”

41. Military Organization
Soldiers were well equipped for conquering.
They wore copper or iron helmets, padded loinclothes and leather skirts with metal scales
Iron swords and spears
Advanced planning used pontoons to support a bridge to cross over
They dug beneath the enemies city walls to weaken them.
Some soldiers would shoot arrows while the rest would hammer the city’s gates.
Military Organization

42. Assyrian Rulers
Assyrian kings ruled with absolute power.
Kingdoms were well organized and efficient.
Kept direct contact with the people who helped administer their empire
Transportation/Courier system
They est. a system where they could relay messages by horseback back and forth in a week’s time.
Ashurbanipal
Considered the greatest Assyrian King.
He collected the writings of Mesopotamia and est. the great library of Nineveh

43. Nineveh

44. Nineveh an "exceeding great city", as it is called in the Book of Jonah, lay on the eastern bank of the Tigris in ancient Assyria, near the modern-day major city of Mosul, Iraq which lies across the river.

45. The Assyrian empire eventually fell and the Chaldeans (Neo Babylonians) under king Nebuchadnezzar made Babylon the most powerful state in the region.
Nebuchadnezzar is most famous for the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
Nebuchadnezzar is also responsible for the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem and beginning the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews and the first Diaspora.
Babylon is defeated and replaced by the Persian Empire in 539 B.C.

48. Assyria Dominates the Fertile Crescent Overview • Sennacherib
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Assyria
• Sennacherib
• Nineveh
• Ashurbanipal
• Medes
• Chaldeans
• Nebuchadnezzar
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Assyria developed a military machine, conquered an empire, and established imperial administration.
Some leaders still use military force to extend their rule, stamp out opposition, and gain wealth and power.
Assessment

49. Causes of Increasing Power
Assyria Dominates
the Fertile Crescent
Section 2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the causes of the rise and of the decline of Assyrian power.
Assyrian Military Power
Causes of Declining Power 1. 2. 3.
Causes of Increasing Power
Need to defend against attacks
Hatred by conquered people
Use of iron-working technology
Overextension
Success at advanced planning
Unity among Assyria’s foes
continued . . .

50. Assyria Dominates the Fertile Crescent 2
Section 2
Assessment
2. The Assyrians relied almost exclusively on military power in building, maintaining, and ruling their empire. Explain whether you think this was a good strategy.
THINK ABOUT
• the causes of Assyrian military power
• the stability of the empire
• the methods that empires use to become stronger
ANSWER
Possible Response:
Empires often rely on military power. Assyrians relied on a technological advantage that other countries could soon copy and that their brutal methods made them unpopular rulers.
End of Section 2

51. Cyrus the Great
Persian King who defeated Babylon and ended the Jews’ captivity.
Cyrus ruled from 559 to 530 B.C. and was a great leader, hence the name Cyrus the Great.
Ruling Style
He was very respectful of other cultures. Not only did he free the Jews, but he also treated conquered peoples fairly. He allowed them to keep their own religions and customs.
This respect made the people who lived under him respectful of his rule and less likely to revolt.

52. Cyrus' tomb lies in the ruins of Pasargadae, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2006).

53. Expansion of Empire under Darius I
Ruled from B.C. added western India to the Persian Empire.
Then added Thrace in Europe and expanded the Empire to its greatest size. He also brought the Persian Empire into conflict with the Greeks.
Satrapies
Darius divided him empire into provinces called
Satrapies to make it more manageable.
Each province was ruled by a governor called a
Satrap.
This man was the protector of the kingdom.
They collected taxes, provided justice
and security, and got soldiers for the army.

54. The Royal Road
The Royal road stretched from Lydia to Susa, the chief capital of the empire. It used a system of couriers similar to the Assyrians. This allowed for efficient communication in the empire
Persian Military
The Persians had an elite military. It contained people from all over the Persian Empire.
The Immortals
The Elite fighters of the Persian Empire.
They were so called because in battle their numbers were never allowed to fall below 10,000 men. They were constantly replaced from behind so they appeared to never die.

55. Persian kings became greedy and so the empire became weak.
Family spats and assassinations became the rule of the day.
The Empire was defeated by Alexander the Great during the 330’s B.C.

58. Zoroastrianism
Original Religion of the Persian Empire
Zoroaster
Founder and Prophet of the Religion. Also known as Zarathustra.
Book: Zend Avesta, the recorded teachings of Zoroaster.
Monotheistic
Taught belief in one universal, all-powerful god.
Ahura Mazda
The god of Zoroastrianism

59. It is believed by many that Zoroastrianism influenced Judaism, and later, Christianity.
The religion teaches about an all-powerful God.
An ultimate battle between good and evil.
The idea of an evil being, or Satan.

60. Persia Unites Many Lands Key Idea
GRAPH
Key Idea
Persian kings forge a multicultural empire stretching from the Indus River to the Nile. Persia pioneers enlighten tolerance in government and support the Zoroastrian religion.
Overview
Assessment

61. Persia Unites Many Lands Overview 3 • Cyrus • Cambyses • Darius
HOME 3
Persia Unites
Many Lands
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Cyrus
• Cambyses
• Darius
• satrap
• Royal Road
• Zoroaster
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The Persian Empire ruled with tolerance and wise government.
Tolerance and wise government are characteristics of the most successful methods of rule.
Assessment

62. Persia Unites Many Lands 3
HOME
Persia Unites
Many Lands
Section 3
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the similarities and differences between Cyrus and Darius.
Cyrus Only
Darius Only
Both
Cyrus founded the Persian Empire and allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem.
Both ruled fairly and expanded the empire.
Darius seized power and introduced coins of standard value.
continued . . .

63. Persia Unites Many Lands 3
HOME
Persia Unites
Many Lands
GRAPH
Section 3
Assessment
2. Why do you think Persians and other peoples were able to turn their thoughts to religion? THINK ABOUT
• past history of peoples in the Fertile Crescent
• living conditions in the Persian Empire
• role of leaders in the Persian Empire
ANSWER
Possible Response:
The tolerance displayed by Cyrus and other Persian rulers probably encouraged people to practice their religious beliefs.
continued . . .

64. Persia Unites Many Lands 3
HOME
Persia Unites
Many Lands
GRAPH
Section 3
Assessment
3. How did Darius’s methods of administration give stability to his empire? THINK ABOUT
• the structure of the empire
• policy of tolerance
• the role of the satrap
ANSWER
He divided the empire into 20 provinces.
He appointed a satrap for each province.
He tolerated other religions, languages, and local laws.
Road system and coinage also helped give stability to the empire.
Possible Responses:
End of Section 3

65. Unification of China Ch. 4 sect. 4

66. 9,573,000 square km geography Urumqi Beijing Xian Lhasa Shanghai
Kunming
Guangzhou
9,573,000 square km

67. Ancient civilization
BC: Unification of China
1800s: Western imperialism
1911: Republic founded
: Chairman Mao
: Cultural Revolution
1997: Deng Xiaoping dies
1997: Hong Kong returned to China
1999: Macau returned to China

68. The Unification of China
Confucius and the Social Order
Zhou Dynasty
• Lasted 1027 to 256 B.C.; ancient values decline near end of dynasty
Confucius Urges Harmony
• End of Zhou Dynasty is time of disorder
• Scholar Confucius wants to restore order,
harmony, good government
• Stresses developing good relationships, including
family
• Promotes filial piety—respect for parents and
ancestors
• Hopes to reform society by promoting good
government
Continued . . .
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70. Confucius and the Social Order
Confucian Ideas About Government
• Thinks education can transform people
• Teachings become foundation for bureaucracy, a trained civil service
• Confucianism is an ethical system of right and wrong, not a religion
• Chinese government and social order is based on Confucianism
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71. Other Ethical Systems Image Daoists Seek Harmony
• Laozi teaches that people should follow the
natural order of life
• Believes that universal force called Dao guides
all things
• Daoism philosophy is to understand nature and
be free of desire
• Daoists influence sciences, alchemy, astronomy, medicine
Image
Legalists Urge Harsh Rule
• Legalism emphasizes the use of law to restore order; stifles criticism
• Teaches that obedience should be rewarded,
disobedience punished
Continued . . .
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72. Legendary Chinese philosopher Laozi was long considered the founder of Daoism. The fundamental text of Daoism, the Daodejing (Tao-te Ching,“Book of the Way and the Virtue”), was attributed to him. Many scholars today doubt that Laozi existed. Even if he did, he probably did not write the Daodejing, which was compiled in the 3rd or 4th century bc, two or three centuries after Laozi’s time.
Laozi

73. Other Ethical Systems (cont.)
I Ching and Yin and Yang
• I Ching (The Book of Changes) offers good advice,
common sense
• Concept of yin and yang—two powers represent
rhythm of universe
• Yin: cold, dark, soft, mysterious; yang: warm, bright,
hard, clear
• I Ching and yin and yang explain how people fit into
the world
Image
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74. Yin and Yang

75. The Qin Dynasty Unifies China
• Qin Dynasty replaces Zhou Dynasty in third
century B.C.
A New Emperor Takes Control
• Emperor Shi Huangdi unifies China, ends fighting,
conquers new lands
• Creates 36 administrative districts controlled by Qin
officials
• With legalist prime minister, murders Confucian scholars, burns books
• Establishes an autocracy, a government with
unlimited power
Image
Continued . . .
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76. Shi Huangdi

77. The Qin Dynasty Unifies China
A Program of Centralization
• Shi Huangdi builds highways, irrigation projects;
increases trade
• Sets standards for writing, law, currency, weights and
measures
• Harsh rule includes high taxes and repressive
government
Great Wall of China
• Emperor forces peasants to build Great Wall to keep
out invaders
Image
The Fall of the Qin
• Shi Huangdi’s son loses the throne to rebel leader;
Han Dynasty begins
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