1. Electron configuration

2. The Quantum Mechanical Model
The e- is found inside a blurry “electron cloud”
An area where there is a chance of finding an electron.
Only found with 90% accuracy in the area

3. Where can we find electrons?
Each element has its own e- configuration for its ground state
No charges
We base them on where the LAST e- is placed

4. It’s like an address… State – city – street – house #
State is called the Principle Energy level
City is called the sublevel
Street is called the orbital
House # is the e- spin direction

5. Principle Energy levels
We have 1-7
Highest occupied ground state energy level = PT period #
Main energy levels Bohr found

6. sublevels Each energy level has increasing number of sublevels
Level 1 has 1 sublevel
Level 2 has 2 sublevels
Level 3 has 3 sublevels
And so on….
Though 7 major levels…only 4 main sublevels are needed to describe existing atoms

7. Sublevel Sublevels are distinguished by the shape of orbitals in them
There are currently four of them s p d f

8. Orbitals In each sublevel there are specific orbitals
An Orbital is a 3-D region in space an e- can be found
Does not have “hard and fast” boundaries
See next slide
Each orbital can hold only 2 e-
Mathematically found through wave function

9. What’s going on…

10. S - sublevel 1 orbital in this sublevel Sphere shape
Total 2 e- possible
Same shape in each level…just bigger
Found in ALL energy levels

12. p - sublevel 3 orbitals in this sublevel Dumbbell shaped Total 6 e-
Found in Energy Level 2 or Higher
Node between each half of each orbital
Intermediate area between high probability areas

13. node

14. node

15. d - sublevel 5 orbitals in this sublevel Clover shape
Total 10 possible e-
Found in Energy Level 3 or higher.

18. f - sublevel 7 orbitals in this sublevel Total 14 e- possible
Complex shape
Found in Energy Level 4 or higher

22. Energy - sublevel We will only commonly use s, p, d, and f!! 1 s 2
Energy Level
Sublevels 1 s 2
s, p 3
s, p, d 4
s, p, d, f 5
s, p, d, f, g 6
s, p, d, f, g, h 7
s, p, d, f, g, h, i
We will only commonly use s, p, d, and f!!

23. How we write where e- are
State – city – street – house #
State is called the principle E level
City is called the sublevel
Street is called the orbital
House # is the e- spin direction

24. apartment story 5
32 e- 4
18 e- 3 f
8 e- 2 d
2 e- 1 p s
nucleus

25. Increasing energy 7p 6d 5f 7s 6p 5d 6s 4f 5p 4d 5s 4p 3d 4s 3p 3s 2p

26. 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 3d 4d 5d 7p 6d 4f 5f 1 s 2 = 1s

27. Electron Configuration Rules
The way electrons are arranged in atoms.
Aufbau principle- electrons enter the lowest energy first.
Must fully fill before move to next
This causes difficulties because of the overlap of orbitals of different energies.

28. Rules continued
Pauli Exclusion Principle- no 2 e- can have same set of 4 quantum #
at most 2 electrons per orbital - different spins!!
Hund’s Rule- “up, up, up before down, down, down”
All orbitals need to be filled w/one “up” spin (positive--clockwise) before any in the sublevel is filled with a “down” spin (negative--counterclockwise)

30. Drawing Orbital Notation
A box is used to represent each orbital.
Arrows are used to represent each electron.
**remember opposite spins.
Example: the orbital notation for carbon is: 1s 2p 2s

31. Orbital Notation Lets try a few: Orbital Notation for O
O = 8 e-
Orbital Notation for Cl
Cl = 17e- 2p 1s 2s 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

32. Electron Configuration
# of electrons 1 s 2
Principle
Energy Level
sublevel

33. p 3 4 Interpret the following Electron Configuration 4 electrons
3rd Energy Level
p sublevel

34. When doing a configuration…
Use the total number of e-
Slowly place e- in order till run out of e-
Example
B 5e-
First 2 in 1s2…3 left over
Next 2 can go is 2s2 …1 left over
Last one goes in 2p, but since only 1 left it is 2p1
Final configuration s2 2s2 2p1

35. Try a few K Cl Fe Pb

36. Answers K Cl Fe Pb 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 Pb
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 5d10 6p2

37. Tonight’s homework
Write out the e- configuration for elements Hydrogen through and including Yttrium

38. Do Now:
Box all things written with the HIGHEST PRINCIPLE energy level for each configuration of your homework
Ex: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3
Circle the LAST THING WRITTEN for each configuration of your homework
Ex: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6

39. Outerlevel (shell) Configuration
Everything is the outside/highest PRINCPLE ENERGY LEVEL
Max is 8 e- total
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p3

40. Examples Ga Ra Mn Se Am Br

41. Examples
Ga- 4s24p1
Ra- 7s2
Mn- 4s2
Se- 4s24p4
Am- 7s2
Br- 4s24p5

42. Sublevel (shell) configuration
The last thing written for the e- configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
Every element has its own ground level subshell configuration unique to itself

43. Examples F Ca Al Pa Mo Xe

44. Examples
F- 2p5
Ca- 4s2
Al- 3p1
Pa- 5f3
Mo- 4d4
Xe- 5p6

45. Noble Gas configurations
In order to save time and your hand when writing out electron configurations, one may use the Noble Gas Notation.
A noble gas symbol is used in place of a long list of electron configurations.
Example: Ar: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 = [Ar]
Noble Gas Shorthand Configuration for Ca
Ca: [Ar] 4s2

46. Examples – Noble Gas configurationsSr W Hg Cl

47. Charged atoms
Can do e- configurations for ions, but must make sure to note that that is what you are doing!
Same way, just use the number of e- in the ion involved