2.  Avg. KE of an object’s particles  Fast particles = High KE = High temp.  Slow particles = Low KE = low temp.  Units - ⁰F, ⁰C, K (Kelvin)  Kelvin – absolute temp. scale  Absolute zero – lowest possible temp. ▪ 0 K = -273 ⁰C = -459 ⁰F ▪ No particle movement = no KE = no temp.

3.  Total energy of an object’s particles  (PE + KE = TE)  TE increases when temp. increases – particles have more KE, so they have more TE.  TE decreases when temp. decreases – particles have less KE, so they have less TE  TE increases w/ more mass (more particles)  TE decreases w/ less mass (fewer particles)  Unit – Joules (J)

4.  Transferred TE due to differences in temp.  Heat always naturally flows from higher temps to lower temps  Flows from hot to cold.  Can flow cold to hot if work is done (AC, refrigerator)  Cold is the lack of or absence of TE.  Unit – Joule (J)

5.  Which has more thermal energy: a hot cup of coffee or an iceberg?

6.  Even though the hot coffee has a higher temperature, the iceberg has more thermal energy. The iceberg has more TOTAL ENERGY and, therefore, THERMAL ENERGY because it has more mass.