1. Chapter 14 Part II Chromosomes and Genes
Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, epistasis, polygenic inheritance, the chromosomal theory of inheritance, sex chromosomes, linked genes, and chromosomal mutations are covered in this chapter.

2. 12-1 Mendelism and the Genotype
Incomplete Dominance and Codominance
Incomplete Dominance: offspring show traits intermediate between 2 parental phenotypes.
Red x white = pink
One allele only partially dominant to partner

3. Codominance: pattern of inheritance in which both alleles of a gene are expressed
Ex: A person with AB blood

4. 12-1 Mendelism and the Genotype
Genes that interact
More than one pair of genes may interact to produce the phenotype

5. Epistasis
Epistasis: absence of expected phenotype as a result of masking expression of one gene pair by the expression of another gene pair.
Homozygous recessive masks effect of dominant allele at another locus.
Ex: albino animals (aa) for melanin production prevent expression of hair and eye color

6. D. Pleiotropy

7. D. Pleiotropy

8. Multiple Allele
There may be more than 2 alleles for one locus, but each individual inherits only two alleles
Ex: Blood Type ABO gives 4 possible phenotypes: A, B, AB, O

9. Polygenic Inheritance
Polygenic Inheritance: occurs when a trait is controlled by several diff. Allelic pairs at diff. loci
Ex: Seed color and skin color

10. 12-1 Mendelism and the Genotype
Environment and Phenotype
Both temperature and environment affect phenotype
ex: plants like primrose and animals like Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits

11. 12-2 Mendelism and Chromosomes
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
Both chromo’s and alleles are paired in diploid cells
Chromo’s and alleles of each pair separate during meiosis so gametes have 1/2.
Chromo’s and alleles separate individually; gametes contain all combinations.
Fertilization restores diploid chromo # and pairs alleles.

12. Sex Chromosomes
Autosomes - non-sex chromo’s that are the same # and kind in between sexes
Sex Chromosomes determine if the individual is male or female
Males produce X-containing or Y-containing gametes, males determine sex
X-linked Gene is any gene located on X chromosome

13. 12-2 Mendelism and Chromosomes
Sex-Linked Problems
X-linked alleles are designed as superscript to X chromosome
Heterozygous females are carriers; they do not show the trait but can pass it on.
Males are never carriers but express the one allele on the X chromosome
One form of color-blindness is X-linked

14. 12-3 Chromosomal Mutations
Changes in Chromo #
Monosomy: indiv. only has one particular type of chromosome
Trisomy
Nondisjunction: failure
Polyploidy: offspring end up with more than two complete sets of chromo’s.

15. Changes in Chromosomal Structure
Environmental Factors
Inversion
Translocation
Deletion
Duplication