1. Chapters I - IV Review

2. Nouns - Endings Endings are important ! Endings show case, number and gender of the nouns. Endings are important ! Endings show case, number and gender of the nouns. What gender are most 1 st declension nouns? What gender are most 1 st declension nouns? 1 st declension nouns are all feminine (except words of occupations) 1 st declension nouns are all feminine (except words of occupations) What gender are most 2 nd declension nouns? What gender are most 2 nd declension nouns? –2 nd declension nouns are mostly masculine (with a few neuters –what does neuter mean) Cases (represented by endings) show HOW a noun is used in the sentence by identifying which part of speech a noun will represent. Cases (represented by endings) show HOW a noun is used in the sentence by identifying which part of speech a noun will represent.

3. Nouns - Cases Nominative Case – used for subjects or predicate nominatives - other nouns that ‘equal’ (or are the same as) the subject, and that are in the predicate – known as predicate nominatives. Sentences that include ‘being verbs’ will have predicate nominatives. Nominative Case – used for subjects or predicate nominatives - other nouns that ‘equal’ (or are the same as) the subject, and that are in the predicate – known as predicate nominatives. Sentences that include ‘being verbs’ will have predicate nominatives. Predicate – The predicate is the verb and everything else in the sentence EXCEPT the subject. Predicate – The predicate is the verb and everything else in the sentence EXCEPT the subject. Accusative Case – used for direct objects. Direct objects receive the action of the verb. I threw the pen. What did I throw? Direct Objects are used in sentences with ACTION verbs Accusative Case – used for direct objects. Direct objects receive the action of the verb. I threw the pen. What did I throw? Direct Objects are used in sentences with ACTION verbs

4. Nouns - Declension Declension – a group of nouns with the same pattern of endings. Declension – a group of nouns with the same pattern of endings. 1st Declensions Nouns 1st Declensions Nouns –All end in –a for nominative singular and –ae for genitive singular –All follow the pattern of 1 st Declension endings as shown on our posters –ALMOST all are feminine. (1 st Decl. endings are feminine.)  Only some words of profession (occupation, work, etc.) are masculine (agricola, nauta, and poeta) 2 nd Declension Nouns 2 nd Declension Nouns –MOST are masculine, which follow the pattern of 2 nd Declension endings on our posters. 2nd declension endings are masculine.

5. Adjectives The ending of an adjective MUST agree with the ending of the noun it modifies, in case, number, and gender. The ending of an adjective MUST agree with the ending of the noun it modifies, in case, number, and gender. In Latin, adjectives most often follow the nouns they modify. In Latin, adjectives most often follow the nouns they modify. –Be sure to put the adjective before the noun in an English translation. –If the adjective is part of the predicate with a ‘to be’ verb, put the adjective after the ‘to be’ or linking verb in a translation.  (Via est dura. The road is hard.)

6. Noun-Adjective Examples Equus magnus Equus magnus Aquam malam Aquam malam Puellae parvae Puellae parvae Silvas bonas Silvas bonas Insula magna Insula magna Carros longos Carros longos Servi boni Servi boni Equum bonum Equum bonum

7. Verbs – What the subject ‘is’ or what the subject does. A verb can be the entire predicate or just part of it A verb can be the entire predicate or just part of it A verb tells us WHEN something is happening. Right now, we just know present tense. A verb tells us WHEN something is happening. Right now, we just know present tense. Verbs communicate ACTION or STATE OF BEING (I am, you are, he is, we are, etc.) Verbs communicate ACTION or STATE OF BEING (I am, you are, he is, we are, etc.)

8. A Conjugated Verb Present Tense SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL I like amo we like amamus you like amas you like amatis he,she, or itlikes amat they like amant

9. Subject-Verb Agreement Verbs and subjects need to agree in person and number. Verbs and subjects need to agree in person and number. –Puellae equos amant. –Agricola laborat. The ‘t’ ending (he, she or it, agrees with the word farmer) –Insulam amamus. –Familiae laborant. The –nt ending agrees with the word families. –Silvam spectatis. –Carrus fortunam portat.

10. Conjunctions ET - AND SED – BUT QUOD – BECAUSE or SINCE

11. Adverbs You Have Had Minime - no, not at all Sic - yes Non - not Nunc - now Ubi - where