1. Plant diversity continued
Chapter 30
Plant diversity continued

2. Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornwarts)
Hornworts

3. Homosporous vs. Heterosporous alternation of generations
Eggs
The sporophyte’s
sporangia
Bisexual
gemetophyte
Single type of spore
Sperm
HETEROSPOROUS
Megaspore
Female
Gametophyte
Eggs
The sporophyte’s
sporangia
Male
Gametophyte
Microspore
Sperm

4. Bryophytes are non-vascular plants
The Gametophyte is the dominant generation.

5. The bryophyte sporophyte
The sporophyte has specialized structures that produce spores called Sporangia.

6. Pteridophytes: The first seedless vascular plants (Ferns)
Have lignified xylem tissue so they can grow taller than mosses.
The dominant generation is the Sporophyte  In Pteridophytes, sporophyte is branched and independent of the gametophyte.
Gametophyte

7. The Seeded Plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Continued reduction of the gametophyte
The advent of the seed
The evolution of pollen

9. QUESTION: Why is the gametophyte reduced in size and is more associated with the mature, dominant sporophyte?

10. Gymosperms and Angiosperms continued to reduce the gametophyte generation
Delicate gametophytes (structures that produce the delicate gametes) are reduced and develop within the sporophyte. WHY??  Protection from environmental stresses.
In seeded (gymnosperms and angiosperm) plants the gametophyte is microscopic.

11. The evolution of the seeds
Important to disperse your young
Recall that spores (n) develop into gametophytes which produce gametes  Spores are single celled and have a thick coat  can resist harsh environmental conditions
Seeds (2n)  multicellular and more complex than Spores (n) Seeds have an embryo and nourishment in the form of the female gametophyte or in angiosperms, called endosperm. All seeded plants are heterosporous

12. From Ovule to Seed

13. Pollen: Eliminated the liquid water for fertilization.
Megasporangium is to ovule (Megasporangium produces the megaspore inside the ovule  female gametophyte  egg) AS
Microsporangium is to pollen (Microsporangium produces the microspore  pollen male gametophyte Sperm)

14. Advantage of Pollen Very resistant to environmental conditions
Can travel far (along the wind)
By bringing airborne pollen together with ovules anchored in the archegonium of the female gametophyte  This adaptation lead to great success on land

15. THE GYMNOSPERMS
The production of naked seeds usually in cones

16. Life Cycle of the Pine is a great example of the reduction of the gametophyte in seeded plants.

17. Figure 30.9 The life cycle of a pine (Layer 1)

18. Figure 30.9 The life cycle of a pine (Layer 2)

19. Figure 30.9 The life cycle of a pine (Layer 3)

20. Angiosperms: Flowering plants
Two main classes; Monocots and Dicots
Refinements in vascular tissue : Xylem tissue has tracheids like gymnosperms. Angiosperms have additional Xylem cells called Vessel Elements.
Use of an attractor to ensure less random and wind dependent pollination

21. Monocots vs. Dicots

22. Vessel elements in Angiosperm Xylem

23. Structure of a flower Female portions (includes Megaspores and female
gametophyte and ovary)
Male portions (includes
Microspores and male
gametophyte)

24. Example: SAFFRON the most expensive spice on the planet
Comes from the stamens of the male crocus plant.
The cost per gram of the best saffron is more than that
of gold! GOLD = $13.50/gram

25. The Rhodora The Rhodora
Ralph Waldo Emerson
The Rhodora
On being asked, whence is the flower.
In May, when sea-winds pierced our solitudes, I found the fresh Rhodora in the woods, Spreading its leafless blooms in a damp nook, To please the desert and the sluggish brook. The purple petals fallen in the pool Made the black water with their beauty gay; Here might the red-bird come his plumes to cool, And court the flower that cheapens his array. Rhodora! if the sages ask thee why This charm is wasted on the earth and sky, Tell them, dear, that, if eyes were made for seeing, Then beauty is its own excuse for Being; Why thou wert there, O rival of the rose! I never thought to ask; I never knew; But in my simple ignorance suppose The self-same power that brought me there, brought you.
The Rhodora
On being asked, whence is the flower.
In May, when sea-winds pierced our solitudes, I found the fresh Rhodora in the woods, Spreading its leafless blooms in a damp nook, To please the desert and the sluggish brook. The purple petals fallen in the pool Made the black water with their beauty gay; Here might the red-bird come his plumes to cool, And court the flower that cheapens his array. Rhodora! if the sages ask thee why This charm is wasted on the earth and sky, Tell them, dear, that, if eyes were made for seeing, Then beauty is its own excuse for Being; Why thou wert there, O rival of the rose! I never thought to ask; I never knew; But in my simple ignorance suppose The self-same power that brought me there, brought you.

26. Types of fruit produced by angiosperms
Simple Fruits  Single ovary, one flower
Aggregate Fruits  Many ovaries, one flower
Multiple Fruits  Many ovaries, clustered flowers

27. Life cycle of an angiosperm

28. Note that the egg and the female gametophyte become fertilized.
The fertilized egg develops into the embryo which then develops into the mature sporophyte plant.
The fertilized gametophyte develops into the food (endosperm) for the developing embryo in the seed.

29. Why double fertilize both egg and female gametophyte?
To ensure synchronous food source for a viable embryo.