1. HEAD/NECK II: Throat/ Pharynx
Overview: Sagittal view of nose/mouth/throat
Nasal Cavity and Breathing
Mouth and Chewing
Throat and Swallowing
Larynx and Singing
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

2. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Sagittal Section Head
Cranial cavity
Brain/Spinal cord
Vertebral bodies
Epaxial muscles
Hard/soft palate
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Trachea
Epiglottis
Naso-
Oro-
Laringo-
pharynx
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

3. Nose/Nasal Cavity and Breathing
Function:
Inlet for air to lung
Warm/filter air
(mucous membranes on ethmoid conchae)
Smell
(nerve endings on nasal membranes)
M&M, Fig. 21.1
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

4. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Conchae of Ethmod Bone
Scroll-like bones
Covered in mucous membrane for
Smell
Filter air
Warm air
M&M, Fig. 7.10
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

5. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Sinuses
All connected to nasal cavity
All lined with mucous membranes
Cold/allergies—fill with mucous=sinus headache
Maxillary
Ethmoid
Frontal
Sphenoid
M&M, Fig. 7.11
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

6. Mouth/Oral Cavity and Chewing
FUNCTION
Bite and chew food
Form words
Taste
Kiss
COMPONENTS
Lips
Cheeks
Palate
Jaws and teeth
Salivary glands
Lined by thick stratified squamous epithelium (almost no keratin)
Vestibule—in front of teeth
Oral cavity proper—behind teeth
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

7. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
FUNCTION
Close mouth
Keep food in
Make speech sounds
Tactile
STRUCTURE
Core of sphinchter-shape skeletal muscle (orbicularis oris)
“Red margin” transition from keratinized skin to oral mucosa
Red because clear color lets underlying vessels show through
No sweat or sebaceous glands, thus needs to be wet (or lip balm)
Lips
M&M, Fig. 11.6
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

8. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Cheeks
FUNCTION
Form side of moth
STRUCTURE
Buccinator muscle—instrumental in swallowing, connects back to pharyngeal constrictors
M&M, Fig. 11.6
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

9. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Palate
Hard palate anterior
Maxilla
Palatine
Soft palate is posterior extension, soft tissue
Palatoglossal arch
(palate to tongue)
Palatopharyngeal arch
(palate to pharynx)
Tonsils between arches
Uvula…???
M&M, Fig. 22.7
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

10. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Jaws
FUNCTION
Hold teeth
Occlude in chewing
M&M, Fig. 7.3
STRUCTURE
Upper jaw—maxillary bone
Lower jaw--mandible
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

11. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Teeth
Deciduous teeth—”milk” or “baby” teeth
Emerge 6 mos. – 2 yrs.
Replaced by permanent teeth 6-12 yrs.
Wisdom teeth (3rd molar) erupts yrs or remains in jaw
Key to healthy teeth and gums:
Flossing
Visiting dentist regularly (every 6 mos.) and starting at young age (3-4 yrs.)
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

12. Structure of individual tooth—it’s alive!!
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

13. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Jaw muscles
Masseter, temporalis—elevate mandible (“close jaw”)
Medial pterygoid—lateral (side-to-side) chewing
Lateral pterygoid—translates mandible anteriorly (part of opening)
Digastric (not shown)—depresses mandible (“opens jaw”)
Chewing is circular motion
M&M, Fig. 11.7
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

14. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Tongue
FUNCTION
Position food between teeth
Form words in speech
STRUCTURE
Intrinsic muscles (allow for shape change with fibers in various directions)
Extrinsic muscles—attach tongue to skeleton
Genioglossus
hyoglossus
M&M, Fig. 22.7
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

15. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Salivary glands
Intrinsic—all over mucous membranes of tongue, palate, lips, lining of cheek
Extrinsic—secrete more saliva when eating (or anticipating)
Parotid
Submandibular
sublingual
M&M, Fig
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

16. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Saliva
Moistens mouth
Dissolves food to be tasted
Wets and binds food
Contains amylase to start starch digestion (saltine to sugar experiment)
Contains bicarbonate to neutralize cavity-causing acids produced by bacteria
Contains anti-bacterial and anti-viral enzymes and cyanide-like compound to kill harmful micro-organisms
Contains proteins that stimulate growth of beneficial bacteria in the mouth
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

17. Throat/Pharynx and Swallowing
Back of mouth to larynx
Food and air mix and cross
Food
PHARYNX
Air
Trachea
Esophagus
STRUCTURES
Entry—pharyngeal arches
Exit—glottis (epiglottis is lid)
Pharyngeal constrictors squeeze food through
When it goes wrong—choking!!
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

18. Pharynx and Swallowing
Focus on muscles and arrangement of mouth cavity, pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, trachea
Pharynx/Swallowing in detail!!
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

19. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Descent of the larynx
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

20. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Larynx and Singing
FUNCTION
Channel air out of trachea
Vibrate to produce sound for speech/song
STRUCTURES
External skeleton or frame (cartilage)
Internal vocal cords and associated muscles
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

21. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Skeleton of larynx
M&M, Fig. 21.5
Cricothyroid ligament is usual site of emergency tracheotomy (feel on self—SURFACE ANATOMY)
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

22. Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx
Vocal cords
M&M, Fig. 21.6
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx

23. Head/Neck III: Special Senses Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
COMING SOON!!
Head/Neck III: Special Senses
Head/Neck IV: Cranial Nerves
Human Anatomy, Frolich, Head II: Throat/Larynx