1. DYNAMIC
ELECTRICITY

2. ELECTRIC CURRENT
The moving charges (the microscopic particles) from the electric supply constitute an electric current
Conventionally:
The direction of the electric current is taken to be the flow of positive charge (from negative terminal to positive terminal)
Whereas, the electrons flow in the opposite direction to that of the electric current

3. THE DIRECTION OF THE FLOWING ELECTRIC CURRENT- +

4. THE MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT
An electric current (I) can be stated as the rate of the flowing electric charge (Q) through a certain cross-section of a conductor
The instrument used to measure current is ammeter
Formula:
I = current, Q = charge, and t = time

5. MEASURING CURRENT
Electric current is measured in amps (A) using an ammeter connected in series in the circuit. A

6. Ampere: The Unit of Current
One ampere is the amount of current that exists when a number of electrons having a total charge of one coulomb pass a given cross-sectional area in one second

7. circuit diagram
Scientists usually draw electric circuits using symbols;
cell
lamp
switch
wires

8. circuit symbols
In circuit diagrams components are represented by the following symbols;
cell
battery
switch
lamp
buzzer
ammeter
voltmeter
motor
resistor
variable resistor

9. ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (E.M.F)
A source of e.m.f is a device in which non-electrical energy such as chemical, mechanical, etc, is converted into electrical energy
Such as : electrical cells, solar cells, generators, etc

10. The CELL
The cell stores chemical energy and transfers it to electrical energy when a circuit is connected.
When two or more cells are connected together we call this a Battery.
The cells chemical energy is used up pushing a current round a circuit.

11. THE E.M.F OF A CELL
The e.m.f of a cell is defined as the energy converted from non- electrical forms to electrical form when one coulomb of positive charge passes through the cell

12. BATTERY
A battery is a voltage source that converts chemical energy into electrical energy
The way cells are connected, and the type of cells, determines the voltage and capacity of a battery

13. THE ARRANGEMENT OF BATTERIES

14. THE FORMULA OF E.M.F The formula used to calculate e.m.f is: E = e.m.f
W = converted energy
Q = positive charge
Therefore, the SI unit of e.m.f is joule/coulomb, which is volt (V)

15. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE (p.d)
The potential difference between two points can be defined as the energy converted from electrical energy to other forms when one coulomb of positive charge passes through the cell

16. THE FORMULA OF P.D The formula used to calculate p.d is: V = p.d
W = converted energy
Q = positive charge
Therefore, the SI unit of p.d is joule/coulomb, which is volt (V)

17. 1 VOLT
1 volts is 1 joule of energy converted from electrical to other forms if 1 coulomb of positive charge passes through it
Schematic Symbol for the DC Voltage Source
Anode Cathode

18. THE MEASUREMENT OF E.M.F and P.D
The electromotive force (e.m.f) can be measured by a voltmeter connected directly across the terminals of the source
The potential difference (p.d) between 2 points separated by a load (such as resistor) can be measured by a voltmeter connected in parallel to the load

19. MEASURING VOLTAGE
The ‘electrical push’ which the cell gives to the current is called the voltage. It is measured in volts (V) on a voltmeter V

20. MEASURING VOLTAGE
Different cells produce different voltages. The bigger the voltage supplied by the cell, the bigger the current.
Unlike an ammeter a voltmeter is connected across the components
Scientist usually use the term Potential Difference (pd) when they talk about voltage.

21. VOLTMETER

22. Measuring Voltage Voltage:
Probes connect to either side of the resistor

23. A circuit is the path that is made for an electric current.

24. CIRCUITS Close circuit
Circuit in which there is a continuous conducting path around which charge can flow continuously
Open circuit
Circuit in which there is a break in the circuit to stop the current from flowing

25. Series Circuit
A circuit that only has one path for current to flow through is called a series circuit.
Current is the same at all points in a series circuit

26. If the path is broken, no current flows through the circuit.

27. Parallel Circuits
A type of circuit that has multiple paths for current is called a parallel circuit.
Different paths may contain different current flow. This is also based on Ohms Law.

28. If one part of the path is removed, the current continues to flow through the other paths of the circuit.

29. By Analogy: Series Vs Parallel

30. RESISTANCE
Resistance is a property of a material that resist the movement of free electrons in the material
It determines the size of the current which can pass in the material

31. Conductor is also known as a resistor
Current through an ideal conductor is proportional to the applied voltage
Conductor is also known as a resistor
An ideal conductor is a material whose resistance does not change with temperature
For an ohmic device,

32. THE FORMULA OF RESISTANCE
The formula used to calculate resistance is:
V = p.d (V)
I = electric current (A)
R = resistance (Ω)
Therefore, the SI unit of resistance is volt/ampere which is ohm (Ω)

33. RESISTOR
It is used to provide a certain value of resistance in a circuit
Its function is to control the size of the current that flows in a circuit or divide voltage, and in some cases, generate heat
There are 2 types of resistor:
Fixed Resistor
Variable Resistor (rheostat)

34. FIXED RESISTOR The types are: Carbon composition resistor
Carbon film resistor
Carbon composition resistor
Tin oxide resistor
Wire – wound resistor used in high power rating
The common electric symbol is

35. Common Fixed Resistors

36. Color-code Bands on a Resistor
This coding is used for 5%, 10%, and 20% tolerance resistors
• The first three bands are used to denote the rated value
• The fourth denotes how much the device may vary from the rated value
1st band is the first digit of the resistance value
2nd band is the second digit of the resistance value
3rd band is the multiplier (number of zeros)
4th band indicates the tolerance

37. Color-code Bands on a Resistor

38. Color Coded Precision Resistors

39. Alphanumeric Labeling
Two or three digits, and one of the letters R, K, or M are used to identify a resistance value
The letter is used to indicate the multiplier, and its position is used to indicate decimal point position

40. VARIABLE RESISTOR
Its function is to vary the current flowing in a circuit
The common electric symbol is

41. Variable Resistors
Variable resistors are designed so that their resistance values can be changed
• A potentiometer is a three terminal variable resistor used to divide voltage
• A rheostat is a variable resistor used to control current

42. Examples of Variable Resistors

43. Ohmic Resistors
Metals obey Ohm’s Law linearly so long as their temperature is held constant
Their resistance values do not fluctuate with temperature
i.e. the resistance for each resistor is a constant
Most ohmic resistors will behave non-linearly outside of a given range of temperature, pressure, etc.

44. Voltage and Current Relationship for Linear Resistors
Voltage and current are linear when resistance is held constant.

45. Voltage versus Current for Constant Resistance
The light bulb does not have a linear relationship. The resistance of the bulb increases as the temperature of the bulb increases.

46. Resistance is affected by temperature
Resistance is affected by temperature. The resistance of a conductor increases as its temperature increases.
Light bulbs do not obey Ohm’s Law linearly
As their temperature increases, the power dissipated by the bulb increases
i.e. They are brighter when they are hotter

47. Ohm’s Law continued

48. Series Circuit Current is constant Why?
Only one path for the current to take

49. Parallel Circuit Voltage is constant Why?
There are 3 closed loops in the circuit

50. Formula of a number of resistors in series and in parallel
The total resistance of a circuit is dependant on the number of resistors in the circuit and their configuration
Series Circuit
Parallel Circuit

51. Series
Resistors are connected such that the current can only take one path

52. Parallel
Resistors are connected such that the current can take multiple paths

53. Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Current into junction = Current leaving junction
The amount of current that enters a junction is equivalent to the amount of current that leaves the junction

54. THE RELATION BETWEEN RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY
The resistance (R) of a conductor depends on:
Its length
Its cross-sectional area
The material used in resistance
Its temperature

55. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS HAVE SHOWN THAT:
The larger the cross-sectional area of a wire, the smaller the resistance
The longer the wire, the larger the resistance

56. THE FORMULA OF RESISTANCE
Combining the two equations, we find:
is resistivity and its SI unit is Ω m

57. Electric Power Moving charges do work
We can heat the filament in a light bulb
We can turn the rotor in a motor
The rate at which work is done is power
Electric Power = current x voltage
Units are watts = joules/sec = amps x volts

58. Electric Power

59. Energy Loss in Power Lines
Wires have some resistance
To transport energy from Point A to Point B, we connect wires
Each wire has resistance
Energy Loss in one second is I2R
Make I small to minimize
Transformers convert AC Voltages

60. Fuses Limit the current that runs through wires in your house
These wires have some resistance
Energy loss by I2R converts to heat
Hot wires can start a fire
Limit the current with a fuse or circuit breaker