1. World History - Chapter 24
Warm-up #5
What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?
Who was the most influential leader at the Congress of Vienna?
What were his 3 main goals?
Establish peace and stability in Europe
Metternich
Weaken France/strengthen their neighbors, balance of power, restore monarchs
Make sure your name is on them and turn them in.

2. Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 1789-1900
Chapter 24
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West

3. Section 1: Latin American Peoples Win Independence

4. Division in Colonial Society
Colonial society in Latin America had a clear class system (from top to bottom)
Peninsulares – Spanish born; only people allowed to hold high offices
Creoles – Spaniards born in the Americas (nobility)
Held military positions
Mestizo – European and Native American
Mulatto – European and African
African Slaves
Native Americans

5. Haitian Revolution
Encouraged by Enlightenment ideals with American and French Independence movements
Haiti was the first
Slaves outnumbered the “masters” significantly
10:1
In 1791, they began their fight for independence and by 1804, they had broken from the French

6. Creoles Lead the Charge
Creoles, despite not being allowed to hold political office, were highly educated
Understood and embraced the Enlightenment ideals
In South America, Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin led the revolution and by 1824 had succeeded

7. Mexican Independence
Unlike South America, the Mexican independence movement was led by people of mixed ethnicities
Miguel Hidalgo used the church (he was a priest) to spread the Enlightenment ideals (1810)
Jose Maria Morelos will continue the campaign (1811-5)
Agustin de Iturbide will declare Mexican (and Central America) independence in 1821
Central America will get their independence from Mexico in 1823

8. Brazil’s Liberation Unique because of the “bloodlessness”
From , Portugal (King John VI) ruled from Brazil
In 1821, when Portugal returned “home,” the Brazilians did not want to return to being a colony
They accepted King John’s son, Dom Pedro, to become the leader of an independent Brazil in 1822

9. Video: Crash Course Haitian Revolution

10. Other Information Chapter 23 Vocab Quiz
You will have until the end of the weekend to take the test again.
You can use your vocab, notes, book, google
Use the 3 part quiz on moodle
You will have a quiz on Chapter 24 Vocabulary Tuesday
You will be allowed to use hand written vocab (again). There will be no second chances next time.

11. World History - Chapter 24
Warm-up #1
Which group of people led the independence movement in South America?
Which 2 men are most associated with the liberation of Spanish speaking South America?
Who was the first person to lead the independence movement in Mexico?
How was Mexico’s independence movement different from Brazil’s?
Creoles
San Martin and Bolivar
Hidalgo
Mexico’s was violent, Brazil’s was not

12. Section 2 Europe Faces Revolutions

13. Political Philosophies
People fell into one of three political theories
Conservative – wanted to return to the “old days” of monarchy
Liberal – wanted limited democracy (educated landowners should elect leaders)
Radical – favored democracy for all
Typically a poor student

14. Nationalism Develops
Nationalism was the idea that people should be loyal to people with whom they share culture and history
Foreign monarchs violate that principle
When they had their own government, a nation became a nation-state
France, England, and Spain were the only ones in Europe by 1815

15. Nationalism in the Balkans
Refers to southeastern Europe (Greece and their neighbors)
Controlled by the Ottomans in early 1800s
Despite fearing revolutions, Europeans sympathized with Greece
By 1830, with Britain, France, and Russia supporting them, Greece got independence from the Ottomans

16. Initial Uprisings
Greek Independence spurred many riots by nationalists and liberals
The conservative monarchies, led by Metternich (Austria), crushed the revolutions and established control by the mid 1830s
This type of “seesawing” in politics continued for another 20 years

17. French Radicals
Despite having successfully removed the absolute monarchy, the French radicals began fighting over what kind of changes should be made
A series of bloody battles followed the overthrow in 1848
Louis-Napoleon (nephew of THE Napoleon), was elected in 1848 and named himself emperor in 1852
Welcomed as result of people’s exhaustion with fighting

18. Russia Reform Russia had not modernized by the 1800s
Still used feudal system (nobles and serfs)
People were becoming aware that Russia was falling behind
Reached its peak in 1856, when Russia lost a war against France, G.B., Sardinia, and the Ottomans
Alexander II promised reform

19. Reforms/Reactions First reforms was to free the serfs (1861)
Still tied to the land because they had to pay for it
Alexander was assassinated in 1881, ending reform in Russia
Alexander III tightened his control and encouraged industrialization

20. World History - Chapter 24
Warm-up #2
What is the name of the philosophy that requires loyalty be placed in the nation of people with a common culture rather than a foreign king?
A poor student would most likely fit into which political philosophy?
Which Russian leader freed the serfs in an attempt to reform?
Nationalism
Radical
Czar Alexander II

21. Section 3 Nationalism

22. A Force to Join & Divide
Nationalists in the 1800s sought to unite the people under a single government
While inspiring people to revolt against foreign rulers, some rulers used nationalism to strengthen their control

23. Nationalism Breaks up Empires
Austria, Russia, and the Ottoman Empires controlled most of Eastern Europe, having a variety of ethnicities in each empire
The process of Russification (forcing Russian culture on dominated people) actually strengthened nationalistic feelings of conquered people
The last half of the 19th Century was filled with ethnic tension/fighting

24. Cavour Leads Italian Unification
Italians grew restless with foreign rulers in the first half of the 1800s
Being ruled as independent states
In 1852, Sardinia’s king named Camillo di Cavour his prime minister.
Used diplomacy and alliances (especially France) to gain control of northern Italy from the Austrians

25. Garibaldi Unites Italy
Cavour used a Southern rebel, Giuseppe Garibaldi, to capture southern Italy
Garibaldi agreed to hand control of Southern Italy to the Sardinian king
By 1870, Sardinia had control of all of Italy (except Vatican City)

26. German Confederation
Like Italy, Germany consisted of a confederation of many states, dominated by the Austrian Empire
Prussia’s mostly German population made them more united, giving them a huge advantage over the ethnically diverse Austria-Hungary

27. Bismarck Emerges
In 1862, frustrated with his Parliament’s lack of support, Wilhelm I of Prussia named Otto von Bismarck his prime minister
Bismarck was one of the Junkers (people in Prussia who supported a strong monarchy)

28. Bismarck Takes Control
Bismarck used realpolitik to govern (used tough politics to get things done)
He will declare his intentions to rule without consent of parliament
Bismarck initially teams up with Austria to gain territory, then provokes war against them
Prussia easily wins and unites northern Germany by 1867

29. Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck, wanting to unite south Germans, provoked another war, this time with France in 1870
In 1871, after achieving victory in France, the southern Germans welcomed Prussian leadership
King Wilhelm I was named kaiser, or emperor, of Germany (formerly Prussia)

30. Shifts in Power
While the Congress of Vienna (1815) had created a balance of power Europe, the wars of the mid 1800s left 2 countries with nearly all control
Germany and Britain