1. Compare and Contrast the Frog and Perch

2. What is an Animal?
Chapter 25.1

3. Characteristics of Animals
All animals share six characteristics…
All animals are members of the kingdom Animalia
All animals are heterotrophic
All animals are multicellular
All animals are eukaryotic organisms
All animal cells lack a cell wall
All animals have the ability to move
Animals ability to move from place to place helps them find food, move to favorable environments, and avoid predators
There are many different forms of movement (swim walk, fly, and running)
Some animals move by attaching themselves to the ocean floor or submerged surfaces

4. Invertebrates vs. Chordates
Includes fewer than 5% of all animal species
All chordates share four common characteristics during at least one stage of their lives
1. ) have a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
2.) have a notochord
3.) have a tail that extends beyond the anus
4.) have pharyngeal pouches
Includes 95% of all animal species
Includes all animals that lack a backbones, or vertebral column
Does not form a clade or any other true category in the classification system. (because it talks about characteristics animals lack)
Examples: sea stars, jellyfish, worms, insects

5. Notochord- is a long supporting rod that runs through the body just below the nerve cord Pharyngeal Pouches- are paired structures in the throat region, also called the pharynx. In fish pharyngeal pouches may turn into gills.

6. Invertebrates vs. Chordates
Non-vertebrate chordates are chordates that lack vertebrae
Chordates with backbones are called Vertebrates
All Vertebrates have a cranium and internal skeleton
Examples: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

7. What Animals Do to Survive
All animals must perform similar functions to stay alive.
1.) Maintain homeostasis by gathering and responding to information
2.) Obtain and distribute oxygen and nutrients
3.) Collect and eliminate carbon dioxide and other wastes
4.) Reproduce

8. Maintaining Homeostasis
Homeostasis is maintained by feedback inhibition.
Feedback inhibition (negative feedback)- is a system in which the product or result of the process limits the process itself.
Ex. If your house gets to cold, then your thermostat turns on the heat. As heat warms the house the thermostat turns the heater off

9. Gathering and Responding to Information
Complex animals use several linked body systems to respond to an event
The nervous system helps respond to events by using cells called receptors
Receptors respond to light, chemicals, sound and other stimuli
Other nerve cells process the information and determine how to respond
Animals often respond by moving around
Muscle tissues generate force by becoming shorter when stimulated by the nervous system
Muscles work together with the skeleton to make up the musculoskeletal system

11. Gathering and Responding to Information
Skeletons vary widely from phylum to phylum
Invertebrates have skeletons that are flexible and function through the use of fluid pressure
Can have either Internal or external skeletons
Internal skeletons are made from the bones of the vertebrae (found inside the body)
External skeletons are found outside the body
External Skeleton Internal Skeleton

12. Obtaining and Distributing Oxygen and Nutrients
All animals must breathe to obtain oxygen
Small animals obtain oxygen by allowing it to diffuse across their skin
Larger animals use gills, lungs, or air passages
All animals must eat to obtain nutrients
Nutrients and oxygen are distributed to cells throughout the body using a circulatory system
The structures of the respiratory and digestive system work together with the circulatory system

13. Collecting and Eliminating CO2 and Other Wastes
Animals’ metabolic processes create carbon dioxide and other waste products that contain nitrogen often in the form of ammonia
Carbon dioxide and ammonia are toxic and must be excreted and eliminated from the body
Many animals remove CO2 with their respiratory system. More complex animals have a specialized organs system for eliminating waste called the excretory system
Before wastes can be eliminated they need to be collected from cells throughout body tissues and then delivered to the excretory or respiratory system

14. Reproducing
Most animals reproduce sexually by producing haploid gametes.
Sexual reproduction creates and maintains genetic diversity.
Genetic diversity increases a species’ ability to evolve and adapt as the environment changes
Invertebrates and a few vertebrates reproduce asexually
Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are identical to the parent
Asexual reproduction allows animals to increase their numbers rapidly , but does not generate genetic diversity

15. 25.1 Vocabulary
Invertebrates- includes all animals that lack a back bone or vertebral column
Chordates- animals that have had a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, a tail that extends beyond the anus, and pharyngeal pouches during at least one stage of their life
Notochord- is a long supporting rod that runs through the body just below the nerve cord
Pharyngeal Pouches- are paired structures in the throat region, also called the pharynx.
Vertebrates- chordates with backbones
Feedback Inhibition- also known as negative feedback, is a system in which the product or result of the process limits the process itself

16. Using a new Venn Diagram compare and contrast Chordates and Invertebrates…