1. Additional Aspects of Acid / Base Equilibria
Ch 17
BLB

2. 17.1 The Common Ion Effec t
Use a weak acid HC2H3O2 along with a soluble salt of the acid like NaC2H3O2
HC2H3O2 –
NaC2H3O2 -
HC2H3O2
NaC2H3O2
Equilibrium shift?

3. 17.1 The Common Ion Effec t
“The extent of ionization of a weak electrolyte is decreased by adding to the solution a strong electrolyte that has an ion in common with the weak electrolyte.”

4. Calculating pH when a common ion is involved
What is the pH of a solution made by adding 0.30 mol of acetic acid (HC2H3O2) and 0.30 mol NaC2H3O2 to enough H2O to make a 1.0L solution. Ka = 1.8 x10-5

5. Practice
Calculate the pH of a solution containing M nitrous acid (HNO2; Ka = 4.5 x 10-4) and potassium nitrite, KNO2

6. Practice
Calculate F- and pH of a solution that is 0.20 M HF and 0.10M HCl. Ka = 6.8 x 10-4

7. Practice
Calculate the formate ion concentration and pH of a solution that is 0.050M formic acid (HCHO2; Ka = 1.8 x 10-4) and 0.10M HNO3

8. 17.2 Buffered Solutions
Solutions with weak conjugate acid-base pairs can resist drastic changes in pH upon the addition of a small amounts of strong acid or base.
Blood
Seawater

9. 17.2 Buffered Solutions
Buffers resist pH changes because it contains both an acidic species to neutralize OH- ions and a basic species to eliminate the H+ ions
However, the acidic and basic species that make up the buffer must not neutralize each other.
Buffers are often made by mixing a weak acid or weak base with a salt of that acid or base

10. 17.2 Buffered Solutions
An HC2H3O2 – C2H3O2- buffer can be made by adding NaC2H3O2 to a solution of HC2H3O2
NH4+-NH3 buffer made by adding NH4Cl to a solution of NH3
By choosing appropriate components and adjusting their relative concentrations, we can buffer a solution at any pH

11. 17.2 Buffered Solutions
Consider a buffer made of a weak acid (HX) and one of its salts (MX). Acid dissociation equilibrium in the buffered solution involves both the acid and its conjugate base:

12. 17.2 Buffered Solutions
So the pH is determined by the Ka for the weak acid and the ratio of the concentrations for the conjugate acid-base pairs

13. Calculating the pH of a buffer
Because conj a-b pairs share a common ion, we can use the same process to calculate pH of buffers as we did for the common ion effect
We can also take an alternative approach called the Henderson-Hasselbach equation

14. Calculating the pH of a buffer
In doing equilibrium calculations, we can normally neglect the amounts of acid/base of the buffer that ionize
This allows us to use the Henderson-Hasselbach equation
pH = pKa + log
[base]
[acid]

15. Calculating the pH of a buffer
What is the pH of a buffer that is 0.12M lactic acid (HC3H5O3) and 0.10M sodium lactate. For lactic acid, Ka = 1.4 x 10-4

16. Calculating the pH of a buffer
Calculate the pH of a buffer composed of 0.12M benzoic acid and 0.20M sodium benzoate. Ka = 6.3 x 10-5

17. Calculating the pH of a buffer
How many moles of NH4Cl must be added to 2.0 L of 0.10M NH3 to form a buffer whose pH is 9.00? Assume the addition of NH4Cl does not change the volume. Kb = 1.8 x 10-5

19. Buffer Capacity and pH Range
The 2 important characteristics of a buffer are
its capacity
pH range
Buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base the buffer can neutralize before the pH changes to an appreciable degree
Buffer capacity depends on the amount of acid and base from which it is made

20. Buffer Capacity and pH Range
A 1-L solution that is 1M HC2H3O2 and 1M NaC2H3O2 has the same pH as a 1-L solution that is 0.1M HC2H3O2 and 0.1M NaC2H3O2 due to the ratio in the Henderson-Hasselbach eqn
The first has a greater buffering capacity because it has more of the conj acid/base pairs

21. Buffer Capacity and pH Range
The pH range of any buffer is the pH range over which the buffer acts effectively
Buffers most effectively resist a change in pH in either direction when the concentration of the weak acid and conj. base are about the same
When conc of weak acid = con conj base then…
The pH = pKa
This gives the optimal pH of any buffer

22. Buffer Capacity and pH Range
Therefore, we usually try to select a buffer whose acid form has a pKa close to the desired pH
Buffers usually have a usable range within ±1pH unit of pKa

23. Buffer Capacity and pH Range
Q: What is the optimal pH buffered by a solution containing HC2H3O2 and NaC2H3O2? The Ka for HC2H3O2 = 1.8 x 10-5