1. Volcanoes

2. What is a volcano?
A volcano is a mountain that forms when molten rock erupts or flows as lava from an opening in Earth’s surface.

3. How do volcanoes form?
A volcano forms when molten rock erupts or flows as lava from an opening in earth’s surface and builds up a volcanic cone.
These openings are called vents.
Volcanoes release molten rock, ash, and poisonous gases. All these products result from melting in the mantle or in the crust.

4. Where do they occur?
Like earthquakes, most volcanoes occur at plate boundaries.
Along a mid-ocean rift, where two plates move apart, divergent boundary, a ridge of underwater volcanoes is formed—Iceland’s volcanoes are part of this kind of ridge.
At convergent boundaries, where an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate—the Andes Mountains in South America.

5. Ring
of Fire

6. Not all of Earth’s volcanoes form at the edges of the plates.
Sometimes a volcano forms when a narrow column of hot molten rock breaks through the lithosphere in the middle of a plate. This narrow column of magma is called a hot spot.
A hot spot does not move. However, the plate above it moves forming a chain of volcanoes.

7. The island farthest from the hot spot is the oldest.
The Pacific Plate is moving over the hot spot, which remains stationary.
As the plate moves, the first volcano formed dies out and a second volcano forms over the hot spot, at the new location on the moving plate.
This process continues as the plate continues to move over the hot spot.

8. The Hawaiian Islands were formed by a hot spot under the Pacific Plate.
Today, only the island of Hawaii, located directly over the hot spot, has active volcanoes.

9. Types of Volcanoes
The type of eruption determines the type of volcano.
Runny lava spreads far from the vent, building up a gentle slope.
Thicker lava erupts more violently and produces more ashes and cinders that pile up to form a steep cone-shape.

10. Types of lava: 1. Pahoehoe: hot, thin, flowing, and forms ropes
2. Aa: cooler, much thicker, slow, forms jagged, sharp, blocks.
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11. How magma affects a volcanic eruption.
There are three main factors that determine whether a volcano extrudes magma violently or quietly.
The factors are:
magma’s composition—silica content
temperature
amount of dissolved gases it contains.

12. Quiet Eruption
In general, the hot , basaltic magmas flow easily and gently. It is dark-colored and contains a lot of water. This is rich in iron and magnesium and cools to form igneous rocks such as basalt. This lava is thin and runny and most tends to flow. The islands of Hawaii and Iceland were formed by many lava flows.

13. Explosive Eruption
Thicker, cooler magmas that contain more silica are more difficult to force through the vent. They may even plug up the vent, causing gases to collect in bubbles and pockets that increase in size and pressure. Eventually that increasing pressure ejects the molten rock from the volcano in a violent explosion. Ex. Mt. St. Helens 1980

14. Composite Volcanoes
Composite volcanoes are made up of alternating layers of ash, cinders, and lava.
Their magma is rich in silica and therefore thick. Gases are trapped in the magma, causing eruptions that alternate between flows and explosive activity that produces cinders and ash.
Composite volcanoes are typically thousands of meters high, with steep slopes.
Composite volcanoes switch between quiet eruptions of flowing lava and violent eruptions of thick gas-rich lava.
This type of volcano has the most powerful eruptions of all.

15. When Mount St. Helens erupted on 18 May 1980,the top 1,300 ft
When Mount St. Helens erupted on 18 May 1980,the top 1,300 ft. disappeared within minutes. The blast area covered an area of more than 150 sq. miles and sent thousands of tons of ash into the upper atmosphere
Mount St. Helens is a stratovolcano.
. Image taken on 10/16/94 from the Space Shuttle.

16. Mt. St. Helens Mt. St. Helens - before 5/18/80
Mt. St. Helens - after 5/18/80

17. Shield Volcanoes
Shield Volcanoes look like a warrior’s shield. These broad, slightly dome-shaped volcanoes are the world’s largest.
Volcanoes with broad, gentle slopes and built by eruption of fluid basalt lava are called shield volcanoes.
Basalt lava tends to build enormous, low angle cones because it flows across the ground easily.
The largest volcanoes on Earth are Shield Volcanoes.

18. Cinder Cones
A cinder cone volcano is built up from ashes, cinders, and rocks that burst from Earth during violent eruptions.
The rocks fall back to Earth near the opening.
At the same time, hot ash covers a larger surrounding area.
Cinder cones erupt for a very short amount of time.
Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings.

19. Volcanic Activity
Volcanoes are rather unpredictable . Some erupt regularly, others have not erupted in modern history. Scientists classify them as active, dormant or extinct.

20. Active Volcanoes
An active volcano is one that erupts wither continually or periodically such as Mount Katmai in Alaska and Mount St. Helens in the Cascade Range.

21. Dormant Volcano
A volcano that has been known to erupt within modern times but is now inactive is classified as a dormant volcano. Mount Rainier in Washington state are example of dormant volcanoes in the United States.

22. Extinct Volcano
A volcano not known to have erupted within modern history is classified as an extinct volcano. They have been worn away almost to the level of their magma chamber. Scientists can be wrong. Mount St. Helens was considered to be dormant but erupted after long periods of inactivity.

23. Predicting Eruptions
different from predicting a flood or an earthquake in that volcanoes usually shows signs of "awakening" before they erupt, giving geologists time to monitor the precursory events. 

24. Predicting Eruptions
Geologists use sensitive instruments to monitor an active volcano to determine if magma is approaching the surface.
Signs that a volcano is about to erupt include:
increasing temperature of hot springs near the volcano,
changes in the shape of the volcano or surrounding land,
an increase in hot gas and ash from the vent,
and small earthquakes around the volcano.