2. DYSLEXIA EDU 240 / Assignment #3 Chan Sharon, Gretel Eng Min Qi, Haziqah Farhan Binte Khansani, Marissa Liliana Binte Martono and Nur Shakira Amalina Bte Shaik Alwi Siti Sakinah Binti Rosli

3. WHAT IS DYSLEXIA? “Dyslexia is a disorder manifested in learning to read despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and socio-cultural opportunity. It is dependent upon fundamental cognitive disabilities which are frequently of constitutional origin.” (Critchley, 1970)

4. WHAT IS DYSLEXIA? Having difficulties with reading and spelling. Convenient label to describe a learning disability. Characterized by difficulty in reading, spelling, handwriting, language and memory.

5. WHAT CAUSES IT? Many theories but no confirmed cause. Evidence points that dyslexia is an inherited condition. Affect more boys than girls (4:1).

6. Video: “How it’s like being dyslexic?”

7. HOW DOES IT LOOK LIKE? Gets left and right mixed up. Reverse numbers & letters without realizing. Longer time to learn alphabets and to speak. Problem with spatial awareness.

8. HOW DOES IT LOOK LIKE? Difficulties learning to read and mispronouncing words. Struggles with sequencing ideas & recalling sequences. Difficulties distinguishing different word sounds.

9. HOW OFTEN DOES IT OCCUR? 70 to 80% of individuals with reading difficulties are typically diagnosed with dyslexia. Affects 5 to 15% of the world population. Approximate minimum prevalence of dyslexia is 5%. (Dyslexia International, n.d.) (Baird, 2006 & Baron-Cohen, 2009 as cited in Thambirajah, 2010)

10. HOW OFTEN DOES IT OCCUR? 1996, Dyslexia Association of Singapore estimated 90,000 people diagnosed. In SINGAPORE, 20,000 primary & secondary school students affected. (Jin et al., 2011) (Foo, 1996 cited in Chee & Kok, 2013) 2.5 to 5% of individuals between preschool age to 18. (Ng, 2012) 10% of Singaporean diagnosed. (FACETS, 2014)

11. WHAT DIFFICULTIES ARE THEY FACING? SOCIAL Prone to bullying. Lack of friends due to delinquent behavior.

12. WHAT DIFFICULTIES ARE THEY FACING? Emotional Low self-esteem due to poor school achievements. Negative outlook in life. May suffer from loneliness, depression and anxiety disorder.

13. WHAT DIFFICULTIES ARE THEY FACING? ACADEMIC Phonological delay Poor literacy skills Poor memory retention skills Concentration difficulties Slow processing Visual-memory deficit

14. HOW TO HELP THEM? Modifications to classroom practices Breaking down instructions Blocking out external stimuli Explicit teaching procedures Repeating directions Motivation Varied learning opportunities

15. HOW TO HELP THEM? Multi-sensory teaching Systematic & Cumulative Synthetic & Analytic Visual, Auditory & Kinesthetic- tactile (VAKT) Direct & Explicit Diagnostic & Prescriptive Orton-Gillingham Approach (O-G)

16. “My Bonnie Lies Over the Ocean” the /b/ sound My Bonnie lies over the ocean My Bonnie lies over the sea My Bonnie lies over the ocean Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me... Bring back, bring back Bring back my Bonnie to me, to me Bring back, bring back Bring back my Bonnie to me

17. WHERE TO FIND HELP? OrganizationsServices Specialized Educational Services (SES) Chinese Remediation Programs Math program Pre-school early intervention Dyslexia Association of Singapore (DAS) Ministry of Education (MOE) aided DAS literacy program Speech & Language therapy Occupational therapy Dyslexia Correction Services, SG The Davis Treatment: Davis Reading Program for Young Learners Davis Dyslexia Correction Program Davis Math Mystery

18. TO SUM IT UP, Dyslexia is prevalent in our society, though not well recognized, it is a life-long condition which affects both children in school and adults in their vocational and social environment. With appropriate teaching methods, dyslexics can learn successfully.