1. The American Nation In the Modern Era
Chapter 17 THE ROAD TO WAR
Section 1: The Search for Peace
Section 2: Relations with Latin America
Section 3: The Rise of Militarism
Section 4: War Breaks Out
CHAPTER 17--THE SEARCH FOR PEACE

2. Objectives: Section 1: The Search for Peace
What foreign policy did the United States follow after World War I?
What were the major postwar peace initiatives?
How did war debts and reparations affect European nations after World War I?

3. U.S. foreign policy after World War I
Section 1: The Search for Peace
U.S. foreign policy after World War I
The U.S. followed a policy of partial isolationism, declining membership in the League of Nations and the World Court.

4. Major postwar peace initiatives
Section 1: The Search for Peace
Major postwar peace initiatives
The Five-Power Naval Treaty limited nations’ naval strength.
The Four-Power Treaty guaranteed respect for nations’ territorial possessions in the Pacific.
The Nine-Power Treaty guaranteed China’s territorial integrity.
The Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawed war.

5. Effects of war debts and reparations
Section 1: The Search for Peace
Effects of war debts and reparations
Britain, France, and Italy were in debt to the U.S., so they demanded reparations from Germany to help them pay.
Germany was forced to borrow money from Britain and to print paper money.
Germany suffered hyperinflation, which led to a severe economic downturn.
German bitterness grew.

6. Objectives: Section 2: Relations with Latin America
What role did the United States play in Nicaraguan politics?
How did U.S. relations with Latin America change in the 1930s?
How did the Great Depression affect Latin American countries?

7. U.S. and Nicaragua Section 2: Relations with Latin America
1926: the U.S. invaded Nicaragua to protect commercial interests.
1927: Stimson helped negotiate an end to civil war in Nicaragua; U.S. trained the Nicaraguan National Guard.
: U.S. troops fought Sandino’s forces.
1933: U.S. withdrew.
1936 on: U.S. backed the Somoza regime.

8. Changes in U.S. relationship with Latin America
Section 2: Relations with Latin America
Changes in U.S. relationship with Latin America
U.S. established the Good Neighbor policy.
U.S. canceled the Platt Amendment (right to intervene in Cuban affairs).
U.S. gave up its right to intervene unilaterally in Panama.
U.S. withdrew troops from Haiti.
U.S. did not intervene when Mexico chose to nationalize its oil industry.

9. The Great Depression in Latin America
Section 2: Relations with Latin America
The Great Depression in Latin America
Crop prices decreased, wages dropped, unemployment grew.
The gulf between the rich and the poor grew.
Caudillos took power in many countries.

10. Objectives: Section 3: The Rise of Militarism
How did Benito Mussolini create a fascist state in Italy?
How did Joseph Stalin maintain power in the Soviet Union?
How did Adolf Hitler rise to power in Germany?
What caused the Spanish Civil War?
What actions did Japan’s military take during the 1930s?

11. Mussolini in Italy Section 3: The Rise of Militarism
led Fascists to power against Communists
used Blackshirts to occupy Rome, with support of nationalists and industrialists
got appointed prime minister and given dictatorial powers
limited freedom of speech and voting rights
arrested opponents

12. Stalin in the Soviet Union
Section 3: The Rise of Militarism
Stalin in the Soviet Union
seized private land and collectivized agriculture
sent opponents to forced labor camps
used police and army to suppress dissent
purged the party and the army of opposition

13. Hitler in Germany Section 3: The Rise of Militarism
Hitler won support by blaming Jews, Communists, and intellectuals for Germany’s decline.
In 1932, 40 percent of the vote in national elections went to the Nazi Party.
Hitler was appointed chancellor and claimed dictatorial powers.
Hitler crushed political opposition.

14. Causes of the Spanish Civil War
Section 3: The Rise of Militarism
Causes of the Spanish Civil War
In 1931, Spain adopted a new constitution limiting the power of the military and of the Catholic Church.
The new constitution called for universal suffrage, nationalization of public utilities, and land for peasants.
Conservative military men felt threatened by the populist reforms.
In 1936, Fascist army officers led by Franco began to try to overthrow the government.

15. Japan’s military during the 1930s
built up naval forces in violation of Washington Conference pledges
invaded Manchuria
clashed with Chinese troops near Beijing
occupied northern China
launched bombing raids against Chinese cities
occupied Nanjing

16. Objectives: Section 4: War Breaks Out
What was the international response to fascism?
What were the early events of World War II?
Why did tension between the United States and Germany increase?
Why did Japan bomb Pearl Harbor?

17. International response to fascism
Section 4: War Breaks Out
International response to fascism
U.S. Congress passed neutrality laws.
European leaders adopted a policy of appeasement, but also sped up rearmament.
The U.S. recognized the Soviet Union.

18. Early events of World War II
Section 4: War Breaks Out
Early events of World War II
1939: Hitler occupied Czechoslovakia and signed a nonaggression pact with Stalin.
1939: Germany invaded Poland and France and Britain declared war.
1940: Germany occupied Belgium, Denmark, northern France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Norway.
1940: British citizens rescued the British army from Dunkirk, and Germany established a puppet government in France.

19. Reasons for climbing tensions between U.S. and Germany
Section 4: War Breaks Out
Reasons for climbing tensions between U.S. and Germany
increasing U.S. aid to allies
German submarine attacks
Roosevelt’s “shoot-on-sight” orders

20. Reasons for Japan’s bombing of Pearl Harbor
Section 4: War Breaks Out
Reasons for Japan’s bombing of Pearl Harbor
freezing of all Japanese assets in the U.S
embargo on American shipments of gasoline, machine tools, scrap iron, and steel to Japan