1. Communications Technology and the Public Sphere

2. READING Habermas: The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964) Enzensberger: Constituents of a Theory of the Media (1970)

3. writing printing literacy newspapers photography telegraph film radio tv computing internet/web read-write web

4. properties of media

5. hand-copied manuscript

6. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Escribano.jpg

7. hand-copied manuscript high cost precious takes a long time to create may be altered or amended in the copying process

8. moveable type

9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Metal_movable_type.jpg

10. moveable type lower cost more copies less precious – more access more likely to circulate quicker to create

11. moveable type Freedom of the press belongs to the man who owns one.

12. motion pictures

13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FilmCrew.jpg

14. motion pictures high expense one program - many viewers seats and screen immobile audience

15. motion pictures turn off cell phones and refrain from conversation one-to-many communication: school, church, movie house

16. Video

17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Videojournalist.jpg

18. video cheaper faster can be real-time

19. television

20. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Family_watching_television_1958.jpg

21. television in the home...or bar, waiting room, airport broadcast television limited channels cable television many channels – few owners

22. television a vast wasteland? (1961 speech by FCC Chair Newton Minow)

23. 1984 Mac Ad

24. Jurgen Habermas – b. 1929 Frankfurt School (Adorno, Horkheimer, Benjamin) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere pub. 1962 (English translation 1989) The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964)

25. Citizens behave as a public body when they confer in an unrestricted fashion – that is, with the guarantee of freedom of assembly and association and the freedom to express and publish their opinions - about matters of general interest.

26. KEY TERMS: public sphere civil society communicative action Fourth Estate (the press) clergy nobility bourgeoisie/commoners press where... public opinion... can be formed establishing societal norms

27. Hans Magnus Enzensberger b 1929 Constituents of a Theory of the Media (1970)