1. Putting It All Together: Using Formal Verification In Real Life Erik Seligman CS 510, Lecture 19, March 2009

2. Agenda  Motivation  FEV Advice  Assertion-Based Verification  FPV Advice  CDC & TOV  Conclusions

3. Agenda  Motivation  FEV Advice  Assertion-Based Verification  FPV Advice  CDC & TOV  Conclusions

4. Motivation  Class has examined formal tools  But if you adopt a tool, will it be used? Common mistake: ‘toss over wall’ to team Sometimes hard for naïve user Sometimes easy to misuse tools  Need to think about plans & methods Plan from beginning for FV success Be aware of changes of mindset Be aware of dangers of tool misuse

5. Simulation: spot coverage of design space Review From Lecture 1

6. Formal Verification (ideal case): full coverage of design space Simulation: spot coverage of design space Review From Lecture 1

7. Formal Verification (ideal case): full coverage of design space Simulation: spot coverage of design space Review From Lecture 1 Formal Verification (real life): full coverage in some areas

8. Agenda  Motivation  FEV Advice  Assertion-Based Verification  FPV Advice  CDC & TOV  Conclusions

9. Is FEV ‘Automatic’?  Well-accepted on design teams  Key to ensuring correct validation overall Main validation target == RTL But silicon better represented by netlist So need to make sure RTL==netlist  Opportunities in other areas RTL-RTL, netlist-netlist incremental checks  But are there dangers?

10. Remember FEV Challenges  Not-quite-state-matching elements Scan, minor retiming, clock gating, …  Opportunities for ‘Bloopers’ Unchecked constraints Conflicting constraints Blackbox and library confusion Unreachable points Obscure tool behaviors (multi-drive handling)

11. FEV Advice  Plan for FEV from beginning Have overall view of chip FEV & find holes  Teams should have central FEV expert Know how to handle state-matching variation Understand tool quirks Understand complexity techniques  FEV runs should be saved & auditable Always audit logs before tapeout

12. Agenda  Motivation  FEV Advice  Assertion-Based Verification  FPV Advice  CDC & TOV  Conclusions

13. Assertions: Part of the Design Process  Define standard assertion note // Assertion a123: Check for legal grants;  Designer adds: spec, testplans, RTL Assertion idea != interrupt thought flow  Assertion expert role Scripts to collect assertion notes Help designer implement/focus  Assertions: casual & easy Pitfall: Avoid requirements seen as penalty –“Must eventually prove X% formally”

14. “Free” Assertions  Reuse blocks  standard assertions Intel chipset group: form for std FSM Tool creates RTL template + assertions, covers –FSM never stuck –All states reachable  Assertion packages with IP building blocks AMBA, PCI asserts from vendors? Develop asserts for internal standards

15. Encouraging Useful Assertions  Focus on high-level intent Assertions = “executable comments” Add insight to design –Micro-assert on a couple of RTL lines less useful  Don’t be afraid of some modeling code Auxiliary calculations / wires are fine –Provide `ifdef to exclude from synthesis Full reference models in areas of concern Smaller “shadow models” often very useful

16. “Shadow Model” Example (PCIE) Link/Transaction Layer Interface (RTL under test) DWORD 1 DWORD 2 DWORD 3 TRANSACTION Not full ref model, but enables good asserts End of transaction  commit within n cycles FV found serious chipset bugs missed in sims! Shadow Model: transaction end?

17. Challenges Of SVA  Assertion languages like SVA often too general Designed by PhDs to cover all cases Provide building blocks, not designer tools Average designer has hands full  Examples of SVA gotchas Glitch dangers always @(a or b) assert (a != b); Sequences vs triggering assert property (a ##1 b); assert property (a |=> b); Operator definitions assert property (s1 and s2); assert property (s1 intersect s2);

18. Solution: Assertion Libraries  Don’t require use of ‘raw’ SVA  Provide library encapsulating common situations  Improves usability & readability

19. Popular Library Solution: OVL assert_always #(`OVL_ERROR,`OVL_ASSERT,“Bogus grant") a1(clk, reset_n, req||!grant);  Each assert is a cleanly defined module Implementation uses SVA at core  Good, but still room for improvement Modules can’t be used in SV procedures All arguments need to be typed Need to explicitly specify clk/rst Combo asserts can still glitch if misused

20. Need For Assertion Locality always_ff @(posedge clk) begin … if (foo) begin … if (bar) begin … … v1 <= messy_function(b,c,d,e,f); // want assertion on v1 here … … end … end … end // OVL assertion on v1 has to go here!

21. Improved SVA Libraries `ASSERT_VERIFY(req||!gnt,clk,rst) `ERR_MSG(“Bogus grant”);  Macro version: improvements over OVL Macro can be placed in procedural code Arguments can be any type (even property)  Most Intel projects moved to macro library  IEEE p1800-2009 providing SVA extensions Checkers, inferred clks, LTL, etc. Will enable fully parsed library with same benefits

22. Agenda  Motivation  FEV Advice  Assertion-Based Verification  FPV Advice  CDC & TOV  Conclusions

23. Effective Formal Property Verification: Prerequisites  Include FV in testplans Part of validation, NOT out-of-band ‘extra’ Pick good FV battles: – Size OK, many corner cases, reasonable design Decide on goals: bug hunting or full proofs?  FV by model expert FV reveals obscure corner cases Need deep understanding  Cover points need to be in place Describe typical “interesting” situations Help judge FV env effectiveness

24. Preparing The FV Infrastructure  FV is different for a simulation team “Plug & Play?”– sort of, but watch details…  Choose highly usable tools Main FV debug activity: analyze counterexample –Counterexample = waveform violating assertions –Fancy debug: Wave views, what-if, multi-cex? Same assertions in FV and simulation  Project-specific glue Wrapper scripts based on simulation env Set up default clock/reset config

25. Starting FV On A Design  Initial runs are a feasibility test Complexity of FV hard to predict –Not proportional to transistor count –Small arithmetic can be very hard! If time/memory explodes, reconsider –Lower hierarchy? –Blackbox/prune parts of model?  Also, look early at cover point proofs FV tool hits each cover point? Cover point not reachable  overconstrained! –Important quality check –Repeat after new assumptions added

26. Assumption Creation Loop: Majority of FV Time  Mindset change from sim; prepare team! Early runs have many false negatives  More assumptions == more interesting CEX Interesting bugs not found on first run Several rounds of assumes  deep traces Be sure to check assumptions too, in simulation or FV Analyze Failures Run FV Add Assumes

27. Assumption Count Exploding?– Don’t Give Up Yet  Possible bad choice of boundary Effectively reimplementing neighbor block?  Consider increasing hierarchy level Add upper level & many blackboxes?  Also consider simplifying problem Only cover certain modes –Example: PCIE: prove for x16, not x4, x8? Restrict data –Will one nonzero bus bit test most major logic? –Are fully general packet payloads needed?

28. Example: FV too hard? MPE0 MRA1 MRA0 MPE1 MPE = Memory Protocol Engine MRA = Memory Read Arbiter

29. Correct Hierarchy Makes FV Easy MPE0 MRA1 MRA0 MPE1 MSB

30. Complexity Issues (Time,Memory)  As mentioned before, hard to predict Issue may appear after adding assumptions  Various strategies available Try running at lower hierarchy Consider blackboxing or freeing logic Restrict modes or data Reduce size of parameterized elements Intelligent pruning  Eventually may need to waive Again, don’t give up too soon FV of partial design space still useful!

31. Bounded vs Full Proofs  Which of these do you need? “Assertion can NEVER be violated” “Assertion can never be violated by any possible simulation of length up to ”  Bounded proof usually easier for tools Use cover point proofs to judge good bound Bound == lengths of interesting scenarios Some coverage lost vs full proofs –But often at point of diminishing ROI  Consider modifying starting state Fill queue at start of proof…? Targeted cover point proof as starting state for next FPV run

32. Consider FPV At Various Project Phases  Early design Excellent tool to understand RTL modules Allows what-if experiments at any hier level  Validation Include in validation plans Can greatly improve coverage of design –Complete coverage of some subspace!  Late bugs / Post-silicon Use FPV (guided by cover points) to replicate unexpected errors “Heroic” FPV effort may be justified –If late error found that was missed by other methods

33. Agenda  Motivation  FEV Advice  Assertion-Based Verification  FPV Advice  CDC & TOV  Conclusions

34. CDC & TOV  Niche techniques using formal methods Small, specialized problems But huge impact from avoiding bugs! –Failures create intermittent silicon issues  Understand opportunities & apply! Know your CDC tools, use effectively –Set parameters to minimize false positives Have plan for TOV verification –Even without CAD tool, can create assertions –Check assertions in sim if FPV too hard

35. Agenda  Motivation  FEV Advice  Assertion-Based Verification  FPV Advice  CDC & TOV  Conclusions

36. Conclusions  Formal Verification techniques have reached maturity Usable by non-PhDs Usable by design engineers  Significant opportunities for ROI Complete coverage of part of design space Like running exponential number of tests  Be ready for the opportunities! Enhance maturity of FEV usage Understand Assertions, FPV, CDC, TOV –Introduce to design team when applicable Don’t be scared off by usage models –Different from current methods, but not really that hard

37. References / Further Reading  http://www.soccentral.com/results.asp?CategoryID=48 8&EntryID=19314 http://www.soccentral.com/results.asp?CategoryID=48 8&EntryID=19314  http://oskitech.com/papers/foster-ftptalk-dvcon06.pdf http://oskitech.com/papers/foster-ftptalk-dvcon06.pdf  http://videos.dac.com/42nd/papers/41_3.pdf http://videos.dac.com/42nd/papers/41_3.pdf  http://www.erikseligman.com/docs/DAC2008_FPV_Seli gman.pdf http://www.erikseligman.com/docs/DAC2008_FPV_Seli gman.pdf  http://www.erikseligman.com/docs/dvcon08_zep.pdf http://www.erikseligman.com/docs/dvcon08_zep.pdf