1. Chapter 10: Movement and Forces
10.1 The skeletal system provides movement and protection
10.2 The muscular system makes movement possible
10.3 Muscles exert forces
10.4 Bones and joints at as levers

2. The skeleton is the body’s framework
Skeletal system
includes bones, ligaments, cartilage, and tendons
anchors the body’s movement, provides support, and protects the internal organs

4. The skeleton is the body’s framework
Bones: are classified by their shape:
Long bones
longer than wide
Found in the arms and legs
Short bones
As long as wide
Bones in the wrists and ankles
Flat bones
Thin and flat or slightly curved
Ribcage and skull
Irregular bones
Shaped differently than long, short, or flat
Spine and skull

5. The skeleton is the body’s framework
Provides the body’s shape
Works with other systems to allow movement
Two main divisions:
Axial skeleton (& Appendicular skeleton)
central part
Includes skull, spinal column, ribs
The bones in the appendicular skeleton are attached to the axial skeleton

6. What functions do vertebrae perform?
They protect the spinal cord and support the cranium and other bones.
How many bones are in the ankle and foot? 26
Which division of the skeleton includes the ankle and foot bones?
Appendicular skeleton
What is the only bone in the skull that can move?
lower jaw

7. Divisions of the Skeleton - Axial Skeleton
Line straight down your back ~ axis
Sit, stand, twist…about your axis
Axis ~ axial skeleton
Support and protection
Top: cranium – surrounds the brain
Cranium + bones in face (jaw, cheek…) = skull
Skull connects to the spinal column
Spinal column (backbone): main portion of axial skeleton
Made of vertebrae – bones stacked one on top of another
Rib bones and sternum

8. Divisions of the Skeleton – Appendicular skeleton
Bones that function to allow movement
Arms and legs
Upper part:
bones of the shoulders, arms, and hand
Lower part:
Bones in hips, legs, and feet
Bear all the body’s weight while standing
Leg bones: strongest in your body

9. Bones are living tissue
Not solid – have spaces inside – lighter in weight
Made of cells and minerals
Contain blood vessels
Make, maintains, and break down bone tissue
Minerals (ex: calcium) give bones structure and stiffness
Bones:
support and protect the body
produce and store blood cells
store calcium for the body

10. Bones are living tissue – two types of tissue
Spongy bone
Strong
Lightweight
Mineral part looks like a web
Supports bones like beams support a building
Can compress slightly
Near the end of long bones: absorb forces
Red bone marrow: produces blood cells
New blood cells travel from marrow  blood vessels in bone
Blood brings nutrients to bone cells / carries away waste
Compact bone
Tough outer layer, surrounds spongy bone
Basic supportive tissue
Dense, organized in layers - STRONG

11. Why is the compact bone able to give the bone strength?
It is dense.
How does bone receive nourishment?
Blood vessels bring in nutrients.
Where are red blood cells formed?
in the red bone marrow

12. Joints connect parts of the skeletal system
Joint: a place where two bones in the skeletal system meet
allow the body to be flexible
Three types: immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable

13. Immovable and Slightly Movable Joints
Immovable joint
locks bones together like puzzle pieces
Skull bones are connected by immovable joints
Inside the cranium, the joints are called sutures (appear stitched - no space between)
Slightly movable joint
Able to flex a little
Ex: ribs connected to sternum 
No space between bone, but bones connected by cartilage, so can move slightly
Cartilage: tough but flexible connective tissue
Ex: outer ear, nose, cushions between vertebrae, shark!

14. Freely Movable Joints Allow you to bend and move
Most of the joints in your body
Wrist, knee, elbow
Bones are separated by a cavity containing fluid
Ligaments (tissue) hold bones together at movable joints
Materials between bones (ex: fluid, cartilage) keeps them from rubbing together
Tendons (tissue) connect muscles to bones (but are not part of the joint)
These all work together with muscles  movement!

15. Types of joints (6) – based on type of movement
Hinge Joint
Ex: elbow and knee
Arm movement: angle between upper and lower arm decreases = angular movement
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Ex: hip and shoulder
Pitchers, swimmers, quarterback, shotput…
Shoulder can rotate in a circle
Rounded part of one bone fits into a cup-shaped part of another
Pivot Joint
Ex: elbow, connecting the radius and ulna
Rotational movement – rotate side to side (turn a doorknob)

17. Types of joints (6) – based on type of movement
Gliding Joint
Ex: some joints in ankles and wrists, vertebrae
Small flat bones sliding or gliding over one another
Limited movement
Saddle Joint
ONE ex: thumb
Like a joystick – forward and backward, side to side
More limited than ball-and-socket joint
Ellipsoid Joint
Ex: in hands and feet at base of each finger and toe
Allow bones to move like a hinge in different directions, but not rotate
Different joints work together  different movements!

20. Each motion had a limited range of movement
Each motion had a limited range of movement. The types and ranges of movement differed.
Different joints allow rotational movements, angular movements, and gliding movements.

21. Sometimes people get diseases that
Real World Example
Sometimes people get diseases that
make it painful to move their joints. One
such disease is bursitis. Bursas are fluidfilled
sacs at the joints that cushion
movement. Occasionally, bursas become
inflamed, making it harder for muscles
and tendons to slide over bones.
Movement is often painful. Bursitis can
occur when people repeat the same
motion over and over again. Tennis
elbow is one form of bursitis. Bursitis can
also result from heavy pressure on a joint.
Resting the joint and applying ice may
help reduce the inflammation.
Teacher Demo
Do the following demonstration to show
how important cartilage and synovial
fluid, a kind of lubricant, are to making
joints work smoothly. The cartilage and
fluid reduce friction and wear on the
bones. Ask students to watch as you
press and slide a wooden block that has
been sanded—not varnished or polished—
along a flat wooden board. You
will feel friction along the way. Next,
wrap both the board and block in plastic
bags. The plastic acts like cartilage as you
rub the two pieces of wood together.
Now, rub cooking oil on the plastic bags
and run the block along the board. The
cooking oil performs like synovial fluid in
the body does and makes it much easier
to slide the two pieces of wood against
each other.
Ongoing Assessment
Explain how joints allow movement.
Do the following demonstration to show
how important cartilage and synovial
fluid, a kind of lubricant, are to making
joints work smoothly. The cartilage and
fluid reduce friction and wear on the
bones. Ask students to watch as you
press and slide a wooden block that has
been sanded—not varnished or polished—
along a flat wooden board. You
will feel friction along the way. Next,
wrap both the board and block in plastic
bags. The plastic acts like cartilage as you
rub the two pieces of wood together.
Now, rub cooking oil on the plastic bags
and run the block along the board. The
cooking oil performs like synovial fluid in
the body does and makes it much easier
to slide the two pieces of wood against
each other.

22. How does position affect support?
PROCEDURE
Hold the bag in your hand and keep your arm straight. Move the bag up and down.
Move the handles of the bag over your elbow. Again hold your arm straight and move the bag up and down.
Move the bag to the upper part of your arm and repeat the procedure.
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
At which position was it easiest to move the bag?
At which position did the bag move the farthest?
nearest to the shoulder
in the hand